Notes Introduction: Imperial Sentiment in the British Empire – Themes and Perspectives 1. See the comments of S.J. Potter in his News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System 1876–1922 (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 2. 2. C. Dilke, Greater Britain (London: Macmillan, 1869); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London: Macmillan, 1883). An exploration of intel- lectual ideas based on notions of ‘Greater Britain’ has most recently been provided by Duncan Bell in his monograph The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future World Order 1860–1900 (Princeton University Press, 2007). 3. Seeley, The Expansion of England, Chapter 8, esp. p. 171. 4. Ibid, p. 251. 5. A useful survey of imperial loyalty organisations is provided in J.M. MacKenzie’s Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880–1960 (Manchester University Press, 1984), pp. 147–72. 6. For more on the communications revolution of the later nineteenth century, see Potter, News and the British World; K.S. Inglis, ‘The Imperial Connection: Telegraphic Communication between England and Australia 1872–1902’ in A.F. Madden and W.H. Morris-Jones (eds), Australia and Britain (Sydney University Press, 1980); B. Fitzpatrick, The British Empire in Australia: An Economic History (Melbourne University Press, 1949), p. 19. 7. J.E. Tyler, The Struggle for Imperial Unity 1868–1895 (London: Longmans, 1938), p. 10. 8. W.P. Morrell, Britain and New Zealand (London: Longmans, 1944), p. 33. 9. P. Mein-Smith, A Concise History of New Zealand (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 142–3. 10. S. Macintyre, The Oxford History of Australia Volume 4: 1901–42, The Succeeding Age (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 126. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. M. Dunn, Australia and the Empire: From 1788 to the Present (Sydney: Fontana, 1984), p. 63. 14. J. Bridgen, The Australian Tariff: An Economic Inquiry (Melbourne University Press, 1929), pp. 148–9. 15. B. Pinkstone and D. Meredith, Global Connections: A History of Exports and the Australian Economy (Canberra: AGPS, 1992), p. 102. 16. Victorian Year-Book 1879 (Victoria: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1879), p. 20. 17. Victorian Year-Book 1910–11 (Victoria: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1911), p. 566. 18. See ‘Birthplaces of the People of Victoria’ in Victorian Year-Book 1910–11, p. 566; J. Eddy and D. Schreuder (eds), The Rise of Colonial Nationalism: Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa First Assert their Nationalities 1880–1914 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988). 214 Notes 215 19. The ANA’s evolution is most fully explored by Marion Aveling in ‘A History of the Australian Natives Association 1871–1900’ (PhD thesis, Monash University, 1970). See also the comments by Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity 1688–1980 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1981), p. 73. 20. C. Blackton, ‘Australian Nationality and Nationalism, 1850–1900’, Historical Studies, Australia & New Zealand, 9 (1961), p. 354. 21. Victorian Year-Book 1938–39 (Victoria: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1939), p. 306. 22. Ibid. 23. Victorian Year-Book 1894 (Victoria: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1895), p. 42. 24. Victorian Year-Book, 1937–38 (Victoria: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1938), p. 226. Significantly, the numbers of people giving no reply to the question of religion rose from 1.5 per cent in 1921 to 12.9 per cent in 1933. 25. Census of New Zealand 1891 (Wellington: Government Printers, 1892), p. 81. 26. New Zealand Official Year-Book 1893 (Wellington: Government Printers, 1894), p. 62. 27. E.J. Von Dadelszen, Report on the Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of 5th April 1891 (Wellington: Government Printers, 1891), p. 109. 28. See B. Kingston, Glad, Confident Morning Vol. 3. Oxford History of Australia 1860–1900 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 85; Macintyre, The Succeeding Age, 1901–1942, p. 65. 29. H. Jackson, ‘The Later Victorian Decline in Churchgoing: Some New Zealand Evidence’, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 56(1) (1983), p. 100. 30. See M. McKernan, Australian Churches at War: Attitudes and Activities of the Major Churches 1914–1918 (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1980), Chapter 6. 31. New Zealand Official Year-Book 1905 (Wellington: Government Printers, 1905), p. 125. 32. L. Frost, The New Urban Frontier: Urbanisation and City Building in Australasia and the American West (Sydney: New South Wales University Press, 1991). 33. New Zealand Year-Book 1901 (Wellington: Government Printers, 1910), p. 119. 34. R. Trainor, Black Country Elites: The Exercise of Authority in an Industrialized Area, 1830–1900 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 18. 35. Profiles are provided in The Cyclopedia of Victoria: Descriptive and Biographical, Fact Figures and Illustrations (Melbourne, Cyclopedia Company, 1903), pp. 310–28; The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Industrial, Descriptive. Historical, Biographical, Facts Figures, Illustrations, Vol. 1, Wellington Province (Wellington: Cyclopedia Company, 1897), pp. 271–86; Vol. 2, Auckland Province (1902), pp. 115–22; Vol. 3, Canterbury Province (1903), pp. 100–4. 36. These being Benjamin Benjamin, Arthur Snowden, Malcolm McEacharn, Henry Weedon, Samuel Gillott, David Valentine Hennessy, John Swanson, William Brunton, Stephen Morrell and Harold Smith. See A. Brown-May and S. Swain (eds), Encyclopedia of Melbourne (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 459. 37. See P.H. De Serville, ‘Burston, James (1856–1920)’ in Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB), Vol. 7, 1891–1939 (Melbourne University Press, 1979), pp. 493–4. 38. For Job Ham, see I. McLaren, ‘Job Ham, Cornelius (1837–1909)’ in ADB, Vol. 4 1851–1890 (Melbourne University Press, 1972), pp. 328–9. For Downes Carter, see H. Rosenbloom, ‘Downes Carter, Godfrey (1830–1902)’ in ADB, Vol. 3, 1851–1890 (Melbourne University Press, 1969), p. 363. 216 Notes 39. For Cain, see J.A. Hone, ‘Cain, William (1831–1914)’ in ADB, Vol. 3, 1851–1890, p. 327; for Benjamin, see G. Solomon, ‘Benjamin, Sir Benjamin (1834–1905)’ in ibid, pp. 139–40. 40. For Lang, see J.A. Hone, ‘Lang, Matthew (1830–1893)’ in ADB, Vol. 5, 1851–1890 (Melbourne University Press, 1974), p. 59; for Snowden, see B. Barrett, ‘Snowden, Sir Arthur (1829–1918)’ in ADB, Vol. 12, 1891–1939 (Melbourne University Press, 1990), pp. 8–9. 41. D. Dunstan, ‘McEacharn, Sir Malcolm (1852–1910)’ in ADB, Vol. 9, 1891–1939 (Melbourne University Press, 1986), pp. 263–4. 42. D. Dunstan, ‘Hennessy, Sir David Valentine (1858–1923)’in ibid, pp. 262–3. 43. D. Dunstan, ‘Cabena, William (1853–1928)’ in ADB, Vol. 7, 1891–1939 (Melbourne University Press, 1979), p. 521. 44. Of the men listed as councillors in the contemporary publications Cyclopedia of Victoria and Cyclopedia of New Zealand (1897–1906), the following occupa- tions are listed. For Melbourne: Solicitor 1, Auctioneer 1, Miner (Chairman of the Board of Works), 1, Businessmen/Owner of Business, 1 Builder 1, Railway Car Builder 1, Merchant 3, Accountant, 2, Contractor 2, Ship Owner 1, Owner of Chemist 1, Teacher then Businessman 1, Architect 1. For Auckland: Miner 1, Solicitor 1, Militia Man 1, Licenced Victualler 1, Businessman 1, Carpenter/ Builder 1, Butcher 1, Manager of Merchant Company 1, Engineer 1, Barrister 1, Plummer and Gasfitter 1, Chemist 1, Proprietor of Carriage Company 2, Businessman 1. For Wellington: Owner of Foundry 1, Merchant 2, Owner of Cutlery Business 1, Tobacconist 1, Warehouseman 1, Director of Woollen Company 1, Owner of Commission Agency Business 1, Solicitor 2. For Christchurch: Plumber 1, Barrister 1, Milling Trader 1, Soft Goods Merchant 1, Merchant 1, Partner in Engineering Firm 1, Painter and Decorator 1, Hardware Broker 1, Building Trade 1, Brewer 1, Auctioneer 1, Tin Dresser 1. 45. D. Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2002), pp. 27–40. See also D. McCaughey, N. Perkins and A. Trumble, Victoria’s Colonial Governors 1839–1900 (Melbourne University Press, 1990); G. McLean, The Governors: New Zealand’s Governors and Governors-General (Otago University Press, 2006). 46. Cannadine, Ornamentalism, p. 36. 47. Melbourne Town Hall was opened in 1870, designed in French Second Empire style by architect Joseph Reed and described in the Encyclopedia of Melbourne as ‘the hub of Melbourne’s social life’ (p. 469). Wellington Town Hall opened in 1904, a classical building with a 177-foot clock tower. The foundation stone was laid by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall in 1901. It too is described by Redmar Yska as the ‘hub of the city’s social and cul- tural life’: Redmar Yska, Wellington: Biography of a City (Auckland: Reed, 2006), p. 116. Auckland Town Hall opened in 1911, whilst the citizens of Christchurch had rejected the building of a town hall in the 1870s and the Provincial Government Building was used for this purpose instead. See W.H. Scotter, A History of Canterbury, Vol. III (Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1957–71), pp. 45–6; G. Bush, Decently and in Order: The Centennial History of Auckland City Council (Auckland: Collins, 1971), pp. 178–80. 48. J.A. Froude, Oceana, or England and Her Colonies (London: Longmans, 1886), p. 137. 49. Ibid, p. 89. Notes 217 50. Ibid, p. 135. 51. Ibid, pp. 148–9. Froude noted in his visit to Melbourne that: ‘The young men who are to inherit fortunes are said to leave something to be desired. To be brought up with nothing to do, with means of enjoying every form of pleasure without the trouble of working for it, with a high station so far as wealth can confer a high station and to have no duties attached to it, is not a promising equipment’ (p. 138). This would perhaps have contributed to the relative lack of imperial civic culture in the city during the period 1900–20. 52. C. Dilke, Problems of Greater Britain (London: Macmillan, 1890), p.