THE IMPACT OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES ON SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Carine Graff August 2018 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Carine Graff Licence, University of Mulhouse, 1999 Maîtrise, University of Mulhouse, France, 2001 M.A., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2011 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by Richard Washbourne, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Erik Angelone____, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Brian Baer_______ Sarah Rilling_____ Sara Newman_____ Accepted by Keiran Dunne_____, Chair, Department of Modern and Classical Language Studies James L. Blank____, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Research Problem ............................................................................................................ 2 Significance .................................................................................................................... 4 Scholars who are for the use of translation in FL classrooms. ............................................. 4 Scholars who are against the use of translation in FL classrooms. ...................................... 5 What the study brings. ......................................................................................................... 6 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................... 6 How to teach L2 writing in the foreign language classroom. ............................................... 6 Research Hypotheses ..................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 10 Participants. ...................................................................................................................... 11 Method. ............................................................................................................................. 11 Expected Results ........................................................................................................... 19 Limits ............................................................................................................................ 20 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 21 Further Thoughts ........................................................................................................... 21 Organization of the Dissertation .................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................ 23 iii What is Translation? ...................................................................................................... 23 Translation Studies ........................................................................................................ 24 Cultural studies ................................................................................................................. 25 Corpus linguistics.............................................................................................................. 28 Cognitive studies. .............................................................................................................. 30 Translation Strategies .................................................................................................... 32 Translation and Second Language Acquisition .............................................................. 38 The grammar-translation method. ..................................................................................... 39 Ban of grammar-translation method and rise of the communicative method. ..................... 40 The positive use of the L1 in the foreign language classroom............................................. 44 The Return of Translation in the Foreign Language Classroom (Pedagogical Translation) ...................................................................................................................................... 46 Scholars who are against, and scholars who are for, the use of translation. ...................... 49 Research in L2 Writing ................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 3: Methodology ......................................................................................................... 55 Classes and Selection of Participants ............................................................................. 55 Participants. ...................................................................................................................... 56 Method .......................................................................................................................... 57 Tasks. ................................................................................................................................ 57 Translation activities. ........................................................................................................ 58 Students’ writings. ............................................................................................................. 70 Corpus concordance search. ............................................................................................. 72 SPSS®. ............................................................................................................................... 73 iv Chapter 4: Results and analysis ............................................................................................. 76 Results from the Sentence Coding ................................................................................. 76 Results from the Concordance Search ............................................................................ 87 Results from the Statistical Analysis .............................................................................. 90 Chapter 5: Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 95 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 95 Contributions of this Study ............................................................................................ 97 Translation and L2 reading skills – The reading/writing relationship. ............................... 99 Relationship between translation and creative writing: translators are writers. ............... 104 Process research and corpus studies. .............................................................................. 106 Interpreting. .................................................................................................................... 107 Limitations of this Study ............................................................................................. 109 Recommendations for Further Research ...................................................................... 112 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 117 References ............................................................................................................................. 118 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................... 141 Appendix B ............................................................................................................................ 143 Appendix C ........................................................................................................................... 150 Appendix D ........................................................................................................................... 158 Appendix E ............................................................................................................................ 166 Appendix F ............................................................................................................................ 168 Appendix G ........................................................................................................................... 170 Appendix H ........................................................................................................................... 171 v Appendix I ............................................................................................................................. 172 Appendix