United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters May 2017 YOUTH WITH AUTISM Federal Agencies Should Take Additional Action to Support Transition- Age Youth Accessible Version GAO-17-352 May 2017 YOUTH WITH AUTISM Federal Agencies Should Take Additional Action to Support Transition-Age Youth Highlights of GAO-17-352, a report to congressional requesters Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Research suggests that youth with According to GAO’s nationwide survey of school district special education ASD are less likely than youth with directors, GAO estimates that about 85 percent of districts in school year 2015- other disabilities to be successful in 16, provided youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) services such as transitioning to work and instruction on life, social, and behavioral skills, as they transition from high postsecondary education and school to adulthood. ASD is a group of complex developmental disorders therefore, they may face a lifetime of characterized by difficulties with social interactions, communication, and reliance on public assistance. GAO repetitive behaviors. Districts provided these services as part of the planning for was asked to examine services the transition to adulthood required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education provided under IDEA to assist youth Act (IDEA). Fewer, though still a majority of, districts reported providing certain with ASD in transitioning to adulthood. For this report, GAO examined (1) types of employment-related supports. For example, GAO estimates that 69 services and supports provided to percent provided work experiences and 63 percent provided job coaching. While assist youth with ASD in transitioning the majority of districts reported providing transition services to students with to adulthood, (2) key challenges in ASD, the services provided varied by factors such as the size and poverty level successfully transitioning, and (3) the of the district, according to GAO’s analysis of survey responses. extent to which federal agencies have Youth with ASD face key challenges transitioning from high school to adulthood, collaborated to assist in the transition. such as untimely transition planning by school districts, complex adult service GAO reviewed relevant federal laws systems, and lack of job opportunities, according to stakeholders. IDEA requires and regulations and conducted a districts to begin providing transition services when students with disabilities nationally generalizable survey of 588 reach age 16, with the option to start earlier. However, according to GAO’s prior school districts to gather information on work and stakeholders GAO interviewed, providing discretion in this area may services provided in school year 2015- not serve some students well. School officials, advocates, and others report that 16. GAO also interviewed federal earlier transition planning—with age 14 commonly cited—can have multiple officials and state and local benefits such as allowing more time to obtain important work and academic stakeholders in three states selected to experiences; however, the Department of Education (Education) is not funding highlight a mix of localities with and research on the appropriate age to begin transition planning. Unless Education, without initiatives serving this which administers IDEA, examines the merits of earlier transition planning, population, urbanicity, and geographic policymakers may not have critical information when considering changes to dispersion, and GAO evaluated federal IDEA. Currently, about 32 percent of districts begin transition planning when collaborative efforts against leading practices. students are older than age 14, according to GAO’s analysis of survey responses. What GAO Recommends While the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Interagency Autism GAO is making three Coordinating Committee (IACC) has facilitated collaboration across its member recommendations to federal agencies, agencies, including Education, to support research for transition-age youth with including one to Education to examine ASD, it has missed opportunities to collaborate with relevant nonmember the merits and implications of agencies. Specifically, the Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, amending IDEA to require earlier Education, and Support Act of 2014 calls for the IACC to include in its strategic transition planning and one to HHS to plan, as practicable, services for individuals with ASD. However, HHS has not enhance collaboration with non-IACC regularly engaged certain federal agencies that provide services or financial member agencies. Education neither assistance to transition-age youth with ASD, but are not IACC members, such as agreed nor disagreed with the IDEA the Departments of Labor and Housing and Urban Development. These recommendation. The agencies agencies are not part of working groups tasked with updating the current generally agreed with or did not strategic plan nor has HHS invited them to join the IACC. As a result, IACC may comment on other recommendations. continue to miss opportunities to leverage the knowledge of other agencies—a View GAO-17-352. For more information, leading practice for effective federal interagency collaboration—as it works to contact Jacqueline M. Nowicki at fulfill its expanded responsibilities under the Act and improve the well-being of (617) 788-0580 or [email protected]. individuals with ASD. United States Government Accountability Office Contents Letter 1 Background 4 Most School Districts Reported Providing Life and Social Skills Services; Other Services Varied Based on Factors Such as Size and Poverty Level 13 Untimely Transition Planning, Complex Adult Systems, and Few Employment Opportunities Are Key Challenges to Transitioning to Adult Life, According to Stakeholders 26 Federal Collaborative Efforts Have Missed Opportunities to Enhance Support of Transition-age Youth with Autism 37 Conclusions 44 Recommendations for Executive Action 45 Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 45 Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 48 Appendix II: Federal Agency Collaboration Has Highlighted Priority Research Needs 56 Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Education 58 Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Labor 60 Appendix V: Comments from the Social Security Administration 62 Appendix VI: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 64 Appendix VII: Accessible Data 65 Data Tables 65 Agency Comment Letters 68 Related GAO Products 76 Tables Table 1: Key Services Needed to Support Transitioning Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder 6 Page i GAO-17-352 Youth with Autism Table 2: Transition Services School Districts Reported Providing to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21 of Varying Needs, School Year 2015-16 18 Data for Figure 1: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Characteristics 65 Data Table for Figure 2: Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder Characteristics 65 Data Table for Figure 3: Estimated Percentage of School Districts That Reported Providing Transition Services to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21, School Year 2015-16 66 Data Table for Figure 4: A Higher Percentage of Large School Districts Provided Transition Services to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21 in Special Education Compared to Small Districts, School Year 2015-16 67 Data Table for Figure 5: A Higher Percentage of Low-Poverty School Districts Provided Certain Transition Services to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21 in Special Education Compared to High-Poverty Districts, School Year 2015-16 67 Data Table for Figure 6: Students Move from Services Provided through Their High Schools to Services Delivered through Multiple Programs 68 Figures Figure 1: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Characteristics 4 Figure 2: Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder Characteristics 5 Figure 3: Estimated Percentage of School Districts That Reported Providing Transition Services to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21, School Year 2015-16 15 Figure 4: A Higher Percentage of Large School Districts Provided Transition Services to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21 in Special Education Compared to Small Districts, School Year 2015-16 20 Figure 5: A Higher Percentage of Low-Poverty School Districts Provided Certain Transition Services to Youth with Autism Ages 16-21 in Special Education Compared to High-Poverty Districts, School Year 2015-16 22 Figure 6: Students Move from Services Provided through Their High Schools to Services Delivered through Multiple Programs 31 Abbreviations Page ii GAO-17-352 Youth with Autism ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism CARES Act Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education, and Support Act of 2014 CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services DOL U.S. Department of Labor Education U.S. Department of Education EPA Environmental Protection Agency FPT Federal Partners in Transition FRPL Free or Reduced Price Lunch HHS U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development IACC Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee ICDR Interagency Committee on Disability Research IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IEP Individualized Education Program LEA local educational agency NLTS2 National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 OARC Office of Autism Research Coordination SSA Social Security Administration VR Vocational Rehabilitation WIOA Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 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