Romanian Journal of History Vol. IV No. 3 and International Studies Faculty of History Department of International Relations and Proceedings of the Conference of the Doctoral School of History Propaganda and Manipulation in History An Interdisciplinary Approach World History ISSN print 2360-638X ISSN online 2559-544X 2017 Romanian Journal of History and International Studies Vol. IV •No. 3 •2017 Proceedings of the Conference of the Doctoral School of History Propaganda and Manipulation in History. An Interdisciplinary Approach Faculty of History Department of International Relations and World History ISSN print 2360-638X ISSN online 2559-544X ISSN-L 2360-638X 2017 Academic Board Bogdan Antoniu - University of Bucharest Ovidiu Bozgan - University of Bucharest Constantin Bușe - University of Bucharest Ioan Chiper - Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Romanian Academy Adrian Cioroianu - University of Bucharest Marusia Cîrstea – University of Craiova Marian Cojoc – Ovidius University of Constanta Laurențiu Constantiniu - University of Bucharest Rudolf Dinu - University of Bucharest Manuela Dobre - University of Bucharest Mihail Dobre - University of Bucharest Alexandru-Murad Mironov - University of Bucharest Christian Năsulea - University of Bucharest Daniela Osiac – University of Craiova Nicolae Panea – University of Craiova Marian Ștefănescu - University of Bucharest Editorial Board Alin Matei, PhD (Editor-in-chief) Faculty of History, University of Bucharest Beatrice Crețu, PhD student (Editor) Faculty of History, University of Bucharest Dragoş Becheru, PhD student (Editor) Faculty of History, University of Bucharest Diana Năsulea, PhD student (Editor) Department of Economics and Economic Policies, Bucharest University of Economic Studies Mihnea Zigarov, MA student (Associate Editor) London School of Economics The Romanian Journal of History and International Studies is biannually published by the Literati Association in collaboration with the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Studies and the Department of International Relations and World History at the Faculty of History, University of Bucharest. Bd. Regina Elisabeta No. 4-12, Sector 5, Post Code 030018, Bucharest Tel: 0213145389, Tel/Fax: 0213100680 E-mail: [email protected] Web: rjhis.ro RJHIS is published with the financial support of PORTAL RESEARCH SRL portalresearch.ro Media partner: International Relations Report (ir-report.ro) Copyright © RJHIS 2017 All rights reserved. The publisher bears no responsibility for the editorial content. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover photo by Nikola Cvetkovic. ISSN-L 2360-638X ISSN online 2559-544X ISSN print 2360-638X Table of Contents Vol. IV •No. 3 • 2017 Propaganda and Manipulation in History. An Interdisciplinary Approach. Cezarina Chirică Propaganda and Media Manipulation in AKP’s Turkey. The Case of the “Gezi Resistance” and the Castigation of Free Speech ............................ 9 Mihaela David The Writers’ Role in the British Propaganda Campaign During the First World War .................................................................................................... 31 Iulia Petrin The Image of Psychoanalysis in Romanian Communist Propaganda .......... 55 Vlad Mihăilă “Miss Europe” and “Miss Romania” 1929: beauty pageants between aesthetic aspirations and national propaganda ................................................. 77 Claudiu Sachelarie The German Propaganda System as a War Tool. The Romanian Case (1916) .......................................................................................................... 107 Ștefan Bîrsan Eugeniu Carada: The Dynamic of Perceptions Across Rime ...................... 123 Beatrice Crețu Propaganda in Favour of Humanitarian Interventions as War Propaganda: the Case of the Yugoslav Wars ................................................. 145 Foreword regarding the Special Issue The Romanian Journal of History and International Studies proudly presents the Special Issue “Propaganda and Manipulation in History. An Interdisciplinary Approach”. This issue comprises a selection of research papers based on the proceedings of the Conference “Propagandă și Manipulare în Istorie. O abordare interdisciplinară” organized by the Doctoral School of History of the University of Bucharest in 26-27th of May 2017. The panels of the conference brought together works from across the spectrum of disciplines such as history, archaeology, journalism, political science, gender studies, literary studies, economics, iconography and many others. The variety of papers comprising this special issue represents the collection of articles which have undergone a rigorous peer review process, as well as a selection according to the criteria of relevance and pertinence to the wide array of subjects covered by the Romanian Journal of History and International Studies. Therefore, these seven papers are the most significant of the dozens of presentations spanning 10 panels which have successfully been translated and transformed into scientific research articles, according to the rigorous standards of the Romanian Journal of History and International Studies. The Romanian Journal of History and International Studies’ Editorial Board considers that propaganda is a defining element of politics and its impact on society throughout history, thus meriting a greater role in the research effort of specialists throughout the range of study fields and disciplines. Moreover, the increasing pressure from disinformation and misinformation in our society, proportional to the enhanced accessibility of information through technology and new media, make the study of propaganda an imperative necessity of researchers worldwide. The study of propaganda throughout history has the beneficial role of building understanding and increasing awareness of the fragility of perception for concepts such as “truth” and “information”, as well as the dangers behind inadequate information on the agency of individuals as citizens and actors on the global stage. Romanian Journal of History and International Studies Editorial Board RJHIS 4 (3) 2017 Propaganda and Manipulation in History. An Interdisciplinary Approach Propaganda and Media Manipulation in AKP’s Turkey The Case of the “Gezi Resistance” and the Castigation of Free Speech Cezarina Chirică Abstract: Ever since the beginning of its first term in 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has been influencing the media in order to curtail and circumvent independent journalism in Turkey. This repression on media freedom in the last fifteen years indicates democratic regression in Turkey. A free press is vital to any democracy, allowing for constructive public debate while also holding government accountable. Nonetheless, rather than establishing a secure and independent space for the press, the government has formed an environment that is contentious and even threatening for journalists to report opposing views. In addition, the unruly government proceedings toward news media have primarily been led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, now the President of Turkey, establishing an intimidating, powerful media autocracy. This article explores Turkey’s current state of declining freedoms of the press as the government has employed different strategies to suppress the media’s role in Turkey, including approaches of controlling media monopolies, alongside the incarceration, intimidation and dismissing of journalists. It also provides an illustration of the government’s media surveillance through different backgrounds and occasions, confirming not only its obstinacy of government criticism, but also its apprehension of the media’s power to induce anti-AKP sentiments. Keywords: media, propaganda, AKP, manipulation, Erdoğan 9 Cezarina Chirică RJHIS 4 (3) 2017 Propaganda and Manipulation in History. An Interdisciplinary Approach Introduction More evidence from the past decade shows that the pace of democratization, which was used as one of the main political arguments for the strengthening of the AKP, was rather rhetorical, than a real policy on the agenda. Various groups that constitute political opposition became the target of government control and oppression. In parallel, there have been serious attempts by the government to reduce the existing human rights laws, women's rights, the right to free expression, the freedom of the press, and efforts to politicize the judiciary. Despite the fact that these shortcomings were highlighted in the reports of international bodies, such as the European Commission, the Council of Europe and the UN, Erdoğan continues to give speeches handling these issues, which in turn have accentuated public weariness.1 The same government adopted controversial laws that no longer followed the objectives of European integration. On May 24th 2013, the Turkish Parliament voted the text of a law restricting the consumption, sale and advertising of alcoholic beverages, which sparked a lot of criticism from the Turkish population. The adoption of this law was seen as the beginning of a state Islamization plan initiated by Erdoğan, who was subsequently accused of authoritarian drift. 1 Gareth Jenkins, Erdogan, the AKP and the Repercussions of the Gezi Park Protests, July 3rd 2013, accessed on June 25th 2017 at http://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey- analyst-articles/item/49-erdo%C4%9Fan-the-akp-and-the-repercussions-of-the-gezi-park-