ISSN 2221-9935 (Print) ISSN 2306-8000 (Online) ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL of MARINE SCIENCE&EDUCATION VOLUME 7, No. 2, 2017 Adm. Nevelskoy Maritime State University Vladivostok, Russia 1 Asi a-Pacific Journal of Marine Science&Education Журнал о морской науке и образовании в АТР Founded and published two times a year by Adm. Nevelskoy Maritime State University Учрежден и публикуется два раза в год Морским Государственным Университетом имени Невельского, г. Владивосток ADVISORY BOARD/Редакционный совет Dr. Rouben Azizian, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Hawaii, Honolulu, USA Dr. James Boutilier, Maritime Forces Pacific HQ, Victoria, BC, Canada Dr. Oleg A. Bukin, MSUN, Vladivostok, Russia Dr. Sang Goog Cho, MSUN, Vladivostok, Russia Dr. Andrey I. Fisenko, Economics&Management in Transport, MSUN, Russia Adm.(Ret.)Victor D. Fyodorov, Deputy Director (Southern Branch), P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Gelendjik, Russia Adm.(Ret.) Gennady A. Khvatov, MSUN, Vladivostok, Russia Dr. Dovchin Myagmar, Institute for Geopolitical Studies, Ulan Bator, Mongolia Dr. Boris V. Preobrazhensky, Pacific Inst.of Geography, Russian Academy Sciences Dr. Leonid P. Reshetnikov, Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, Moscow, Russia Dr. Naoyuki Takagi, Tokyo University of Marine Science&Technology, Tokyo, Japan Dr. Alexander N. Vylegzhanin, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia EDITORIAL BOARD/Редакция Executive Editor / Исполнительный редактор Nikolai I. Pereslavtsev/Н.И.Переславцев Editors/Редакторы Dr. Vladimir M. Lobastov, Dr. Vladimir A. Lazarev, Dr. Sergey V. Sevastianov, Dr. Sergey M. Smirnov, Dr. Vladimir F. Verevkin, Dr. Natalia G. Levchenko, Dr. Dmitry S. Kopyev. Dr. Alexey Yu. Strelkov, Rabia M. Newton, Pavel B. Kirichenko, Anastasia O. Barannikova. The opinions expressed by authors do not necessarily reflect those of Adm. Nevelskoy Maritime State University or the Editors of Asia-Pacific Journal Of Marine Science&Education. 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Free price/Цена свободная 2 ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL Of MARINE SCIENCE&EDUCATION CONTENTS May 2018 VOLUME 7, NO.2 Aleksandr A.Lentarev Organizational provisions for ice navigation in Canada’s Arctic sector………4 Sergei A.Ogai, Victoria F.Rychkova, Sergei M.Zatepyakin Modern institutional environment for seaports development in Primorsky Krai, Russian Federation…………………………………………….…………………..14 Saangkyun Yi The map trade and the discovery of Dokdo in the Far East in the 19th century … .25 Peter Yu.Samoylenko The image-making problems of Arctic development and Russia’s national interests at the present stage .……………………………………………….……………..42 Anna A.Sharapova Legal regulations of the Northern Sea Route:current state of the problem……52 Boris I.Tkachenko International and legal aspects of delimitation of marine economic possessions in the Arctic ………………………..…….…..…….................................................. .62. Aleksandr N.Vrazhkin Evaluation of the quality of forecasts for the wind-induced waves in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Bering…………………………………………………….80 Life and Work in the Ice……………………………………………………….89 Nadezhda K.Kharlampieva Arctic maritime transport system: history, status and perspective..........................90 Vladislav V.Kupchik Cold injury and hypothermia……………………………………………………..104 Maria L.Lagutina The prospects for participation of the BRICS countries in the Arctic cooperation. Legal regulations of the Northern Sea Route: current state of the problem .……110. Natalya A. Vasilyeva Specifics in interaction in BRICS format………………………………………..115. Dmitrii G.Zubarev Value and meaning orientations of naval officers as a factor of preparation to dangerous situations in cold environment..……….……………………….… 122 Contributors……………………………………………………………………130 Article abstracts in Russian……………………………………...………..….133 3 ORGANIZATIONAL PROVISIONS FOR ICE NAVIGATION IN CANADA’S ARCTIC SECTOR Aleksandr А. Lentarev Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University, Vladivostok Abstract: This paper presents the system of ensuring the navigational safety in the polar regions of Canada. The system of shipping in arctic ice conditions named Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) is discussed. It is shown that AIRSS served the basis for risk indexing system when assessing operational restrictions for polar waters (POLARIS system – Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System) which was approved by the IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) as one of the possible variants for meeting the requirements of Section 1.5 of the Polar Code. Keywords: vessel, ice class, Coast Arctic waters, Zone/Date system, Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS), ice navigator, ice number In compliance with the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act – AWPPA as adopted in 1970 the Canadian government is imposed a duty to provide for monitoring over shipping in polar waters for the purpose of preservation and protection of the particularly sensitive ecosystem of the area. The Act served the basis for working out Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations – ASPPR which put a special shipping scheme in the area often referred to as “Zone / Date system” into effect. Under the system all the adjoining Canadian coast arctic waters are divided into 16 shipping safety zones arranged according to the principle: «the smaller the number of the zone, the more intricate ice conditions within» (Fig. 1). Correspondingly, the most complex ice conditions are observed in zone 1. When dividing the polar waters into the shipping safety management zones long-time average annual ice conditions data for the area were used. The navigation season for each zone is bounded by specific time limits and is governed by a vessel’s characteristics (Canada’s law during these years stipulated for 8 arctic ice classes and 5 types of ship – А, B, C, D and E) (Table1). For details of navigation seasons within Canada’s polar 4 waters as governed by “Zone / Date system” go to the Canadian Coast Guard web-site http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca. Table 1 Navigation seasons within shipping safety management zones Zone Arctic class10 Arctic class 1 Type А Type Е category … … Zone 1 Year round … Not allowed Not allowed … Not allowed Zone 2 Year round … Not allowed Not allowed … Not allowed Zone 3 Year round … Not allowed From August 20 … Not allowed till September 10 … … … … … … Zone 9 Year round … from August from August 1 till … from 10 till November 20 August 20 October 31 till October 15 … … … … … … Zone 16 Year round from June 20 from June 20 till from July 1 till November November 20 till October 15 31 Despite its simple and logical basis “Zone / Date system” features a considerable drawback resulting from the fact that actual ice conditions can be significantly different from long-time average annual ice conditions data. Therefore there might arise such a situation where the track is completely free from ice while the time limits as approved by the “Zone / Date system” prohibit sailing within the zone. And, conversely, extremely heavy ice conditions can be encountered during the permitted navigation season. 5 Fig. 1. Navigation safety management zones in Canadian arctic region In order to eliminate such a drawback of the “Zone / Date system” a competing system of shipping in arctic ice conditions named Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System – AIRSS was developed, designed to eventually replace the “Zone / Date system”. Newly- developed AIRSS ensures a more flexible approach to navigation possibilities in the arctic zones taking into account the actual ice conditions and ship’s characteristics. Implementation of this approach requires enhanced responsibility of the Master for ensuring ship’s safety, specialized icegoing training of navigating officers and more scrupulous preliminary passage planning accounting all the data available and ice situation. Operation of AIRSS covers vessels meeting the requirements to all the five types and arctic ice classes 3 and 4. Currently ice classification as adopted in Canada has changed, and instead 10 ice classes 4 classes have been introduced, and vessels of ice class 1 and ice class 2 include icebreakers and other vessels with strengthened hull that are allowed to enter any zone any time of the year. Vessels of all the five categories are permitted to sail through first-year ice only. 6 Furthermore, in compliance with ASPPR rules when navigating in ice vessels shall mandatorily carry a specially trained professional – «ice navigator». An ice navigator can be any person aboard the vessel, including its Master, meeting the requirements of section 26(3) (b) of ASPPR regulations, which can be summarized as follows: – holding a certificate of training in special program approved by the Canadian Coast Guard; – availability of 50-day experience of work as a Master or an officer in charge of navigational watch on vessels operated under such ice conditions that а) require icebreaker assistance, or b) require maneuvering necessary for the avoidance of contact with the ice exceeding structural strength of the