10 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN A LITERATURE STUDY BY, MOHAMMAD AWAIS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF OSLO (NORWAY) DESEMBER, 2008 2 10 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN A LITERATURE STUDY THESIS IN PHARMACOGNOSY BY, MOHAMMAD AWAIS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF OSLO INSTRUCTOR Professor Ph.D. Berit Smestad Paulsen Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, The University of Oslo (Norway), December 2008. 3 CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ 17 10 SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN ................................................................................... 18 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 19 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN ........................................................................................................... 19 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN ......................................................................................................... 20 BACKGROUND LITERATURE ................................................................................................................... 20 STRUCTURE OF THESIS .......................................................................................................................... 21 LITERATURE REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 22 CHEMICAL STURECRUES ........................................................................................................................ 22 WORDS LIST ........................................................................................................................................... 22 THE WEB REFERENCE TO THE PHOTO OF Caesalpinia crista ON FRONT PAGE ..................................... 23 Cassia fistula................................................................................................................................... 25 BOTANICAL NAME ................................................................................................................................. 27 ENGLISH NAME ...................................................................................................................................... 27 URDU/ LOCAL NAME ............................................................................................................................. 27 FAMILY ................................................................................................................................................... 27 PARTS OF PLANT USED .......................................................................................................................... 27 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 27 USES IN PAKISTAN ............................................................................................................................. 27 USES IN INDIA .................................................................................................................................... 27 OTHER USES ....................................................................................................................................... 28 CHEMISTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 28 BIOLOGY/ PHARMACOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 29 1. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ............................................................................................................. 29 2. ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY ................................................................................................... 30 3. MODULATION OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY ................................................................................. 30 4. LOWERING OG CHOLESTEROL CRYSTALS GROWTH .................................................................. 31 5. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT ............................................................................................................. 31 6. ANT-FUNGAL ACTIVITY .............................................................................................................. 32 4 7. LARVICIDAL AND OVICIDAL ACTIVITY ........................................................................................ 32 8. ANTI-LESHMANIAL ACTIVITY ..................................................................................................... 32 9. HEPATIC EFFECTS ....................................................................................................................... 33 TOXICOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 34 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 35 CATHARTIC ACTIVITY ................................................................................................................. 35 ANTI-OXIDANT EFFECTS............................................................................................................. 35 MODULATION OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY ................................................................................. 36 ANTI-BACTERILA AND ANTI-FUNGAL EFFECTS ......................................................................... 36 ANTI-LEHMENIAL EFFECTS ........................................................................................................ 37 INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL CRYSTALS GROWTH .................................................................. 37 WOUND HEALING PROPERTIES ................................................................................................. 38 ANTI-CANCER EFFECTS .............................................................................................................. 38 ANTI-RHEUMATIC ...................................................................................................................... 39 HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS ........................................................................................................... 39 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 41 PHOTO REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................ 45 Trigonella foenum-graecum .................................................................................................... 47 BOTANICAL NAME ................................................................................................................................. 49 ENGLISH NAME ...................................................................................................................................... 49 URDU/ LOCAL NAME ............................................................................................................................. 49 FAMILY ................................................................................................................................................... 49 PARTS OF PLANT USED .......................................................................................................................... 49 DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................... 49 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 49 USES IN PAKISTAN AND INDIA ........................................................................................................... 49 USES AS FOOD ............................................................................................................................... 49 MEDICINAL USES ........................................................................................................................... 50 HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS ....................................................................................................... 50 CHOLESTEROL LOWERING EFFECT ........................................................................................ 50 FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ....................................................................................... 50 ANTIPYRETIC EFFECT ............................................................................................................. 50 EMOLIENT .............................................................................................................................. 51 RESPIRATORY DISEASES ......................................................................................................... 51 5 GALACTAGOGUE EFFECT ....................................................................................................... 51 FOR MOUTH- ULCERS ............................................................................................................ 51 VULNERARY EFFECT ..............................................................................................................