VKM Report 2016: 64 Risk assessment on import of Australian redclaw crayfish to Norway Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2016: 64 Risk assessment on import of Australian redclaw crayfish to Norway Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 30.11.2016 ISBN: 978-82-8259-254-3 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no Photo: Dave Wilson Suggested citation: VKM. (2016) Risk assessment on import of Australian redclaw crayfish to Norway, Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, ISBN: 978-82-8259-254-3, Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2016: 64 Risk assessment on import of Australian redclaw crayfish to Norway Authors preparing the draft opinion Øivind Bergh (chair), Carlos Goncalo Afonso Rolhas Fernandes das Neves, Kjetil Hindar, Helga R. Høgåsen, Anders Jelmert, Trude Vrålstad, Angelika Agdestein (VKM staff), Maria G. Asmyhr (VKM staff), Dean Basic (VKM staff) (Authors in alphabetical order after chair of the working group) Assessed and approved The opinion has been assessed and approved by Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Members of the panel are: Brit Hjeltnes (chair), Øivind Bergh, Edgar Brun, Knut Egil Bøe, Carlos Goncalo Afonso Rolhas Fernandes das Neves, Jacques Godfroid, Roar Gudding, Kristian Hoel, Cecilie Mejdell, Stein Mortensen, and Espen Rimstad (Panel members in alphabetical order after chair of the panel) Acknowledgment The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has appointed a working group consisting of both VKM members and external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency. Project leader from the VKM secretariat has been Angelika Agdestein, Dean Basic, Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr and Tron Gifstad. The members of the working group Øivind Bergh (Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), Carlos Goncalo Afonso Rolhas Fernandes das Neves (Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), Kjetil Hindar (Panel on Alien Organisms and trade in Endangered Species (CITES)), Helga Høgåsen (Norwegian Veterinary Institute), Anders Jelmert (Panel on Microbial Ecology) and Trude Vrålstad (Norwegian Veterinary Institute) are acknowledged for their valuable work on this opinion. The Panel on Alien Organisms and trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the Panel on Microbial Ecology are acknowledged for comments and views on this opinion. VKM would like to thank Stein Ivar Johnsen for his contribution to chapter 1. VKM would also like to thank Lucy Robertson for proofreading the manuscript. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2016: 64 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 4 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 6 Sammendrag ........................................................................................................................ 9 Abbreviations and/or glossary ........................................................................................... 12 Background as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency ................................................................................................. 14 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ........................ 15 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency .......................... 16 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Australian redclaw crayfish ................................................................................... 17 1.2 Crustaceans in Norway ......................................................................................... 22 1.2.1 Freshwater crayfish ................................................................................... 22 1.2.2 Marine crayfish.......................................................................................... 22 1.3 Previous experiences with introduction of crayfish to Europe and Norway ................. 23 1.4 Methods for environmental risk assessement .......................................................... 27 1.4.1 Literature search ....................................................................................... 27 1.4.2 Scope of the risk assessment ..................................................................... 28 1.4.3 The AS-ISK system for screening ................................................................ 28 1.4.4 The NBIC system for risk assessment .......................................................... 29 1.4.5 Exapnsion in redclaw aquaculture ............................................................... 30 1.5 Method for health risk assessment ........................................................................ 30 1.5.1 Literature search ....................................................................................... 30 1.5.2 Scope of the risk assessment ..................................................................... 31 1.5.3 Validity of the risk assessment .................................................................... 32 1.5.4 OIE guidelines for import risk assessment ................................................... 32 1.5.5 Terminology ............................................................................................. 36 1.6 OIE recommendations for the importation of Crustaceans ....................................... 38 1.7 Norwegian regulations .......................................................................................... 39 2 Hazard identification ................................................................................................. 41 2.1 Redclaw as an environmental hazard ..................................................................... 41 2.2 Pathogenic agents ............................................................................................... 41 2.2.1 Viral infectious agents in redclaw ................................................................ 41 2.2.2 Bacterial infectious agents in redclaw .......................................................... 47 2.2.3 Fungal and oomycete infectious agents in redclaw ....................................... 49 VKM Report 2016: 64 2.2.4 Ichthyosporean parasites in redclaw ........................................................... 53 2.2.5 Alveolates in redclaw ................................................................................. 54 2.2.6 Metazoan parasites in redclaw .................................................................... 55 2.3 Summary of hazard identification + ....................................................................... 57 3 Risk assessment ........................................................................................................ 59 3.1 Entry assessment of redclaw ................................................................................. 59 3.2 Temperature considerations .................................................................................. 60 3.3 Initial screening using AS-ISK ............................................................................... 63 3.3.1 Climate matching ...................................................................................... 63 3.3.2 Invasion potential ...................................................................................... 64 3.3.3 Ecological effects ....................................................................................... 64 3.3.4 Summary .................................................................................................. 65 3.4 Ecological risk assessment by the NBIC-system ...................................................... 65 3.4.1 Invasion potential ...................................................................................... 65 3.4.2 Ecological effect ........................................................................................ 69 3.5 Mitigation measures to reduce impact on biodiversity .............................................. 72 3.6 Health risk assessment: general considerations ...................................................... 73 3.6.1 Entry assessment ...................................................................................... 73 3.6.2 Exposure assessment ................................................................................ 75 3.6.3 Consequence assessment .......................................................................... 79 3.7 Health risk assessment: hazard-specific considerations ............................................ 80 3.7.1 Cherax quadricarinatus bacilliform virus (CqBV) ........................................... 80 3.7.2 White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) ............................................................