CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS: SIZE FRACTIONATION AND CHEMICAL SPECIATION CP1106 OCTOBER 2003 ADEL F. SAROFIM & JOANN S. LIGHTY UNIVERSITY OF UTAH This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. SERDP Final Report: Characterization of Particulate Emissions TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1-1 1.1 Performing Organizations.....................................................................................1-1 1.2 Project Background...............................................................................................1-1 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................1-1 1.4 Technical Approach..............................................................................................1-2 1.5 Project Accomplishments .....................................................................................1-2 1.6 SERDP Action Items ............................................................................................1-3 1.7 SERDP List of Publications..................................................................................1-4 SECTION 2: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE ATOFMS ...........2-1 2.1 Instrument Description...........................................................................................2-1 2.1.1 Improving the sensitivity of ATOFMS to smaller particles ...........................2-2 2.2 Evaluation of the ATOFMS for DoD sources ......................................................2-4 2.3 Summary...............................................................................................................2-6 SECTION 3: DETAILED CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER ..............................................................................................................3-1 3.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................3-1 3.2 Introduction...........................................................................................................3-1 3.3 Sampling ...............................................................................................................3-2 3.4 Summary of the Results........................................................................................3-2 SECTION 4: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE PHOTOACOUSTIC ANALYZER........................................................................................4-1 4.1 Instrument Description..........................................................................................4-1 4.2 Evaluation of the PA for DoD Sources.................................................................4-2 4.3 Summary...............................................................................................................4-5 SECTION 5: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC AEROSOL SENSOR...........................................................................5-1 5.1 Description of the Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor..................................................5-1 5.2 Evaluation of the PAS for DoD Sources...............................................................5-2 5.3 Summary...............................................................................................................5-4 SECTION 6: AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS AT NORTH ISLAND NAVAL AIR STATION ............................................................................................6-1 6.1 Executive Summary..............................................................................................6-1 6.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................6-2 6.3 Experimental Approach ........................................................................................6-3 6.4 AIMD Experiments...............................................................................................6-5 6.4.1 AIMD Real-Time Data Time Series..............................................................6-6 6.4.2 Summary of Real-Time Results...................................................................6-19 ii SERDP Final Report: Characterization of Particulate Emissions 6.4.3 Evaluation of Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (Objective #1)........................6-20 6.4.4 Evaluation of Photoacoustic Instrument (Objective #2)..............................6-23 6.4.5 Evaluation of DustTrak Instrument (Objective #3) .....................................6-27 6.4.7 Supporting Measurements: Emission Rates..................................................6-30 6.4.8 Conclusions Regarding Objectives #1-#3 at AIMD Site..............................6-32 6.4.9 Conclusions for all Real-Time Instruments ..................................................6-33 6.5 Flightline Measurements......................................................................................6-34 6.5.1 Summary of Flightline Observations...........................................................6-41 6.5.2 Evaluation of the Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (Objective #1) ..................6-42 6.5.3 Evaluation of the Photoacoustic Instrument (Objective #2)........................6-43 6.5.4 Conclusions Regarding Objectives #1-#3 at Flightline Site........................6-46 6.6 Overall Conclusions from North Island Experiments.........................................6-47 6.6.1 Evaluation of PAS (Objective #1) ...............................................................6-48 6.6.2 Evaluation of PA (Objective #2)..................................................................6-48 6.6.3 Evaluation of DT (Objective #3) .................................................................6-49 SECTION 7: EMISSIONS FROM ROCKET FIRINGS...........................................7-1 SECTION 8: EVALUATION OF DIESEL SOOT FILTERS ..................................8-9 SECTION 9: COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF DIESEL AND JP8 FUELS ON PARTICULATE EMISSIONS ............................................................9-1 9.1 Objectives .............................................................................................................9-1 9.2 Experimental Methods..........................................................................................9-1 9.2.1 Engine and Test Conditions...........................................................................9-1 9.2.2 Dilution ..........................................................................................................9-2 9.2.3 Emission Measurement Methods...................................................................9-3 9.3 Results and Discussion .........................................................................................9-4 9.3.1 Real-Time Measurements of PM...................................................................9-4 9.3.2 Gas-Phase Emissions .....................................................................................9-6 9.3.3 Particle-Size Distributions .............................................................................9-7 9.3.4 Denuder and MOUDI Results for PAHs .......................................................9-8 9.3.5 MOUDI Mass and Elemental Carbon Results.............................................9-12 9.4 Conclusions.........................................................................................................9-13 SECTION 10: SIMULATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN A VEHICLE EXHAUST PLUME .................................................................10-1 10.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................10-1 10.2 Methods..........................................................................................................10-2 10.2.1 Model Vehicle and Conditions ..................................................................10-2 10.2.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods ..................................................10-3 10.2.3 Aerosol Dynamics Modeling .....................................................................10-5 10.3 Results and Discussion .....................................................................................10-6 10.3.1 CFD Results...............................................................................................10-6 10.3.2 Aerosol Dynamics Simulation Results ....................................................10-10 10.4 Conclusions.....................................................................................................10-14 iii SERDP Final Report: Characterization of Particulate Emissions Appendix 1: USER GUIDE FOR CHARACTERIZING PARTICULATE MATTER Appendix 2: EVALUATION OF 1047 NM PHOTOACOUSTIC INSTRUMENTS AND PHOTOELECTRIC AEROSOL SENSORS IN SOURCE- SAMPLING OF BLACK CARBON AEROSOL AND PARTICLE BOUND PAH’S FROM GASOLINE AND DIESEL POWERED VEHICLES Appendix 3: PHASE AND SIZE