Acknowledgements Introduction to sociology is based on the work of numerous professors, writers, critics, editors, and reviewers who are able to bring topics to students in the most engaging way. We would like to thank all those who have contributed their time and energy to review and provide feedback on the manuscript. Their input has been critical in maintaining the pedagogical integrity and accuracy of the text. To the Students, this book is written for you and is based on the teaching and research experience of numerous researchers, writers, and critics. In today’s global socially networked world, the topic is relevant than ever before. We hope that through this book, you will learn the role of literary work, especially related to sociology of literature and feminism that can change the world. In this book, you will find applications of concepts that are relevant, current, and balanced. To the instructors, this text is intended for a one-semester introductory course. Since current events influence our social perspectives and the field in general, so that students and instructors around the country can relate and engage in fruitful discussions. Finally, I thank my spouse, Dr. Bena Yusuf Pelawi, M.Hum and my beloved sons, Rizky Yusviento Pelawi, S.E., M.BA, Jeffrey Bastanta Pelawi, S,T., M.Eng, and Juan Pratama Pelawi, S.T, for their love and support during the writing and revision of this book CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. 2 CONTENTS...................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER I The Nature of Literature …………. …………………….. 5 CHAPTER II Sociology and Literature ………………………………… 15 2.1 Traditional Approaches ……………………………….. 15 2.2 Sociology Through Literature ………………………… 19 2.3 Sociological Advances ……………………………….. 19 2.4 The Production of Culture ……………………………. 21 2.5 Reception Theory and The Focus on Audiences ………………………………….. ……….. 22 2.6 The Nature and Scope of Sociology and Its Relationship with Literature …………………………. 27 CHAPTER III The Historical Development …………………………….. 34 CHAPTER IV Sociology of Literature …………… …………………….. 64 6.1 Reflection Theory ………………………………........ 68 6.2 Negative Knowledge Model ………… ..…………….. 73 CHAPTER V Structuralism ……………………………...…………….. 101 1) Anthropological Structuralism……………………… 102 2) Psychoanalytic structuralism ……………………… 109 3) French (Social) Structuralism ……………………… 109 4) Marxist structuralism ……………………………… 109 CHAPTER VI Genetic Structuralism ……………. ……….. ………….. 112 CHAPTER VII The Concept of Hegemony …………………………… 127 CHAPTER VIII Feminist and Literature ……. ………… ……….. ……. 134 8.1 The First Wave Feminism …………………... ………. 139 8.2 The Second Wave Feminism …………………………. 140 8.3 The Third Wave Feminism …………………………… 144 8.4 Postfeminism ………………………………….. ……. 145 CHAPTER IX Types of Feminism (Part 1) …………………………….. 151 9.1 Liberal Feminism …………………………………… 151 9.2 Radical Feminism …………………………………… 154 9.3 Socialist and Marxist Feminism ……………………. 158 9.4 Black Feminism ……………………………………. 188 9.5 Post Colonial Feminism ……………………………. 189 9. 6 Multiracial Feminism ……………………………… 190 9 .7 Libertarian Feminism ……………………………… 190 CHAPTER X Types of Feminism (Part 2) …………………………… 192 10.1 Post-structural and postmodern Feminism ……… 192 10.2 Ecofeminism ……...……………………………... … 193 CHAPTER XI Feminist Sociological Theory (Part 1)……………………. 207 11.1 Nature vs Nurture in Gender Identity ………... …........ 207 11.2 Problems with Earlier Social Theory ………................. 212 11.3 Feminist Approaches ………………………………… 216 11.4 Feminist and Marxism ……………………….. ……. 221 CHAPTER XII Feminist Sociological Theory (Part 2) ……………….. … 234 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………. 241 AUTHOR INDEX ………………………………………………………….. 244 CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF LITERATURE Literature is the expression of human’s feelings, ideas, imaginations, thoughts, experiences, and emotions which are applied in beautiful language whose purpose is to entertain. Literature can be expressed by language, both oral and written. In other word, the medium of literature is language. The genres of literature are poetry, prose, and drama. Literature is used when human use language in their communication. Its mean that the literature is used since Adam is created. Literature is the product of language. Without language we don’t know about literature. It is because the expression of language produce literature. Literature is different from scientific work. They can differentiate based on the purpose in making them. While the function of scientific work is to give information, and the literature is to entertain the reader. Literature can be defined as an expression of human feelings, thoughts, and ideas whose medium is language, oral and written. Literature is not only about human ideas, thoughts, and feelings but also about experiences of the authors. Literature can be medium for human to communicate what they feel, think, experience to the readers. There are many ways to define the term literature based on different point of views such as literature is art, literature is language, literature is aesthetic, literature is fictional, literature is expressive, and literature is affective. Literature is everything in print. It means any writing can be categorized as literature. Another way of defining literature is to limit it to ‘great books’ which are ‘notable for literary form or expression’. Ellis (1989:30) defines literature as the verbal expression of human imagination and one of the primary means by which a culture transmits itself. Based on thus definitions, literature contains universal ideas, human imagination, and human interest that written in any writings and use language as medium to express human’s ideas and feelings. In conjunction with literature as art form, it is broken down into imaginative literature and non-imaginative literature. Imaginative literature and non-imaginative literature are distinguished based on the particular use made of language in literature. Language of imaginative literature is highly ‘connotative’ and language of non-imaginative literature is purely ‘denotative’. The connotative meaning means words that used in literary works have feeling and shades of meaning that words to tend to evoke while denotative meaning means that the words refer to meaning in dictionary. The language that is used by literature differ from ordinary spoken or written language. Literature uses special words, structures, and characteristics. Primarily the language of literature differs from ordinary language in three ways: (1) language is concentrated and meaningful, (2) its purpose is not simply to explain, argue, or make a point but rather to give a sense of pleasure in the discovery of a new experience, and (3) it demands intense concentration from the readers. It indicates that the language of literature has originality, quality, creativity, and pleasure. In this case, to differentiate between the literary texts and non-literary texts (imaginative and non-imaginative), Kleden (2004:7-8) states that literature can be differentiate based on the kind of meanings that exist in a text. Literary text consists of textual meaning and referential meaning and non-literary text only consists of referential meaning. The textual meaning is the meaning that is produced by the relationship of text itself. While referential meaning is meaning that is produced by the relationship between internal text and external text (world beyond the text). From the use of language and the existence of meaning in literary works, it can be concluded that poetry, prose and drama are put in literary works article, journalism, news, bibliography, memoir, and so on can be categorized as non-literary works. The nature of literature is quite an open one. It does many things and accomplishes many purposes. One such end is that it helps to articulate conditions within human beings that can find relation in the lives of others. It seeks to relay such narratives so that bonds can be formed with characters, predicaments, and ideas in the hopes of sensing more about our own senses of self. Literature's nature can take on many forms in the accomplishment of these purposes. Yet, the idea present is that within all literature there is some level of articulation of a predicament that can be appreciated by many and help more to understand more of themselves, their worlds and settings. Sometimes, the nature of literature can have a moral purpose, yet other times it might not. However, its primary nature is to simply connect with others in its attempt to detail more of ourselves and our world. The nature of literature is very open-ended and could be answered in many different ways. I would say that the difference between literature and writing that is not literature would be the function. Literature functions to entertain and/or education. What I mean is, as opposed to advertising or explaining, good literature stands on its own as a good or great story. It has developed characters and a setting and an identifiable plot. It has a conflict and resolution that is played out in the story line. It tells a story and has a narrator whether it is first person narrator or omniscent narrator. When we read literature we can love it or hate it or whatever because it's not true. We are not expected to believe it as the truth. In the end, however, we can learn a lot about how people interact and how they speak as opposed to how they think. We can learn to examine our own thoughts and actions through