Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XVIII, Nr. 2(24)/2013 CONTENTS STUDIES AND ARTICLES FLORIAN OLTEANU, ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH THE DICTATURE IN ROME . HISTORIOGRAPHICAL WIEVS .................................................................................................. 5 ALEXANDRA PORUMBESCU, THE ORIGINS AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN SAXONS ....................................................................................................... 11 CORNEL MĂRCULESCU, DEALU MONASTERY – A CULTURAL LANDMARK AND RESTING PLACE FOR THE RELIC OF MICHAEL THE BRAVE (1601-1916) ....................... 21 IULIAN ONCESCU, FRENCH TRAVELLERS’ WRITINGS CONCERNING THE ROMANIANS IN THE 18 TH CENTURY ............................................................................................................. 33 LAURA ONCESCU, AN EPISODE OF THE ROMANIAN-ITALIAN RELATIONS. THE FRANCO-SARDINIAN-HUNGARIAN PLANS OF 1859 AND THE ROMANIANS ................... 39 ALEKSANDAR SPIRKOVSKI, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BALKAN COMMITTEE IN LONDON FOR THE DEFINITION OF THE BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE MACEDONIAN QUESTION, 1903-1908 ................................................................................... 53 DUMITRU-VALENTIN PĂTRAŞCU, THE CHURCH DEDICATED TO THE “PRESENTATION” FROM ROŞIUŢA – MOTRU ..................................................................... 69 LUCIAN DINDIRICĂ, PRIMATE OF ROMANIA, ON REFORMING THE ROMANIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH ............................................................................................................. 83 IRINA SIMONOVSKA-SPIRKOVSKA, HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE ETHNIC COHABITATION IN MACEDONIA UNTIL THE 2001 CRISIS ................................................. 97 BRUCE A. LITTLE, PROGRESS: A TWO-EDGED SWORD ................................................. 113 NOTES AND REVIEWS BOGDAN EMANUEL RĂDUŢ, DIN ISTORIA CREŞTINILOR DUPĂ EVANGHELIE. CULEGERE DE DOCUMENTE (FROM THE HISTORY OF THE BRETHREN ASSEMBLIES (PLYMOUTH BRETHREN). COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS ), Târgovişte, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2013, 232 p. (Alexandru Oșca) ................................................................................ 121 NICOLAE ENCIU, TRADIŢIONALISM ŞI MODERNITATE ÎN BASARABIA ANILOR 1918-1940 , I, POPULAŢIA BASARABIEI INTERBELICE. ASPECTE DEMOGRAFICE (TRADITIONALISM AND MODERNITY IN BESSARABIA DURING 1918-1940. THE POPULATION OF INTERWAR BESSARABIA. DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES ), Chişinău, Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei, Institutul de Istorie, Stat și Drept, 2013, 423 p. (Mihai Ghițulescu) ..... 122 DANIELA OSIAC, CONFLICTUL ISRAELIANO-PALESTINIAN. PROIECTE DE PACE. 1947-2003 (THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. PEACE PROJECTS. 1947-2003 ), Craiova, Editura Universitaria, 2013, 302 p. (Marusia Cîrstea) ............................................... 124 REFLECTIONS ABOUT 1 ST DECEMBER 1918 – THE NATIONAL DAY OF ROMANIA AFTER 95 YEARS (Florian Olteanu) ........................................................................................ 125 3 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XVIII, Nr. 2(24)/2013 4 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XVIII, Nr. 2(24)/2013 STUDIES AND ARTICLES ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH THE DICTATURE IN ROME. HISTORIOGRAPHICAL WIEVS Florian Olteanu * Abstract The article reveals the ideas of some representatives historians of the RepuBlican Roman period, concerning the relations Between society, state and the historical evolution. There are pointed out the principles which approach and differentiate the Greek and Roman societies and also the historiographical conceptions appropriate to these cultures, the most remarquaBle in the Ancient history of the Europe. Key words : Society , Historiography , State , Political Relations , Influence The Roman history is an original comBination Between people, facts and attitudes which provided a large field for the contemporary historiography. The Roman historians came from the two political and social cathegories of Rome, senators and knights, they were deeply involved in the process of making decision , administration or in the cultural movement. Rome had three main periods of its history: Kingdom (753-509 B.C.), Republic (509-27 B.C.) 1 and Empire (27 B.C.-476 A.D.). In 395 A.D., the Roman Empire was divided in the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Empire will survive with the capital at Constantinople until 1453, Being known as the Byzantine Empire. Rome succeded to have an empire on three continents (Europe, Africa and Asia) But it kept the institutions of a city state. Any attempt to change the mos maiorum (the tradition of the ancestors) was seen as an act of sacrilege. The Senate accepted later to give political rights to the pleBs Being forced By the external forces which threatened Rome (Gauls, Carthage). In Rome, in case of disaster, was appointed the dictator , who discharged the ordinary magistrates – the consuls – an extraordinary magistrate who acted independent for six months and after the victory he gave the power to the * Lecturer, PhD, University of Craiova, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Departament of PuBlic Administration, History and Political Science, no. 107 D, Calea București Street, Dolj, tel. 0351/177103, e-mail: [email protected] 1 Theodor Mommsen, Istoria Romană , vol. I, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1971, passim . 5 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XVIII, Nr. 2(24)/2013 Senate. There are known the examples of FaBius Cunctator or M. Furius Camillus. But the power of the Senate was symBolic, many times Rome will Be threatened By its own statesmen. The first case is that of Coriolanus a great Roman military who fought with courage for the glory of Rome, But after Being exiled in the Etrurian territory, attempted to enter armed in Rome, for revenge. The Rome was saved By the mother of Coriolanus, Veturia who came in front of his son claiming that she preferred to die instead seeing her son as conqueror and transforming her in a slave. Emotioned, Coriolanus witdrew and later was killed on his return way to the Etrurians. The “sentimentalism” of Coriolanus stayed only in the historical Books, Because the amBition, the fights for power will influence the entire course of the Roman history. 1 The creation of a new social group, the knights (sons from marriages Between memBers of the originary patrician and pleBeian groups) will force the Senate to resist on the position of the only guardian of the mos maiorum. Even the senators could not make Business, they saw the opportunity to Become landowners spoliating the small properties of the peasants, or renting the ager publicus (puBlic soil territories conquered By Rome and Being under Senate control n.n.) used in the military campaigns during the first wars of Rome on the principle bonus milites bonusque colonus (good military and good peasant ). The attempts of Gracchus Brothers (nephews of great Cornelius Scipio) in 133-123 B.C. to offer land from the ager publicus were smashed By the Senate. The necessity of a good and a permanent army in the new conditions of external wars of Rome, imposed a new reform made By Caius Marius, who offered land to his soldiers in Africa after the defeat of King Iugutha (105 B.C.). 2 Marius, having a conflict with Sulla, his former lieutnenant from Africa (who vanquished Mithridates VI in the East) went in Africa and enterd in Rome with his veterans, opening the way of “Roman attacks on Rome ”, as the historiography registered under the name of “the civil wars”. In the conflict Between Marius and Sulla, the socii (Roman suBjects from Italy) received the Roman citizenship on the principles of the Roman law (ius Italicum ) in 88 B.C. The great uprisings of the slaves in Sicily and the uprising of Spartakus, the wars in the East appointed new names as Pompeius and Crassus, Caesar 1 Claudio Rendina, Roma Ieri oggi e domani , vol. I, Roma, Newton Compton Editori, 2007, p. 23-24. 2 M. Cary, John Wilson, A shorter History of Rome , New York, Macmillan, 1963, passim. 6 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie, Anul XVIII, Nr. 2(24)/2013 aBle to concentrate military oBedient forces which will “erase” the authority of the Senate. From 60 until 48 B.C., Rome was led By powerfull names al Caesar, Crassus and Pompeius, which finally confronted, Caesar Being the great leader until his assasination in 44 B.C. He kept the unlimited power with the formally accord of the Senate, which had no army, and By this cause had no power. The assasination of Caesar did not solve the ProBlem, the repuBlican institutions Being unaBle to controll the situation in Rome (including the conquered territories). 1 The Roman historiography was influenced By the Greeks. The first contacts were estaBlished during the Macedonian wars (215-168 B.C.), which conducted to the occupation of a great part of the Greece By Roman RepuBlic. 2 It is the time when PolyBios (210-128 B.C.), a Greek from Arcadia, son of a great achaean general, Lycortas, was initiated in politics, which will influenced his work. In 168 B.C., after the defeat of Macedonians in 168 B.C. By Roman RepuBlic, he was put on the list of 1000 men took as hostages By Romans as a waranty for the peace treaty. He spent 16 years in the Eternal City, in which he could oBserve the social and political realities from the Roman RepuBlic 3. Becoming a close friend of Cornelius Scipio the conqueror of the Greece, he could oBserve and understand the Roman vertues and the discipline which conducted Rome to the highest position