DOI: 10.5277/arc120112 Wojciech Januszewski * Between Europe and the East – draft on architectural landscape of Bucharest Introduction Bucharest – the capital city and the most important scape created by it. Its beauty defies conventional center of industry and services in Romania – is in many aesthetic criteria, creating a special genius loci . This respects an exceptional city compared to other Central paper presents an outline description of this extraordi- European metropolises. One of the most interesting nary landscape and the factors which affected its devel- aspects of Bucharest is its architecture and the land- opment. “Savage hotchpotch” This is how Ferdinand Lassale – the 19 th century a myriad of directions which formed under the influ- socialist activist – described Bucharest and its social ence of Western European ideas. On the other hand, the inequities in his writings from Romania. This comment picturesque disorder of Bucharest and the magnificence seems correct also in regards to the spatial plan of the capital city. What distinguishes that city is the excep- tional diversity of its architectural elements. Bucharest’s architecture is a melting pot of contrasts of scale, shapes, style and function (Fig. 1). The city’s architec- tural forms are grandiose. The local characteristic fea- tures are spectacular and they include eccentric forms and abundance of details. The architects of Bucharest always wanted to create something exceptional. The most daring attempts were not only typical of eminent masters, but a standard of architectural designs. [...] Bucharest drew without any qualms from all sources and adopted all patterns only to astonish and show diversity – wrote the Romanian architect, Marian Celac [1, p. 14]. The origin of this special surrealism lies in the spe- cific Romanian culture developed as a result of mixture of the motifs of the East and the West over the centuries. Bucharest’s urban plan and architecture demonstrate Fig. 1. Neo-Romanian style, modernism and eclecticism in architecture RI3LDĠD5RPăQD SKRWR:-DQXV]HZVNL * Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, Kielce University of ,O6W\OQHRUXPXĔVNLPRGHUQL]PLHNOHNW\]PZ]DEXGRZLH3LDĠD Technology. 5RPăQD IRW:-DQXV]HZVNL 118 :RMFLHFK-DQXV]HZVNL of architectural forms resemble the spirit of the Levantine cities (Fig. 2). The specific natural features of the city also affect its special landscape. An increased seismic activity of that area results in a faster technical degradation of the city structures. The buildings which were damaged, or the ones which did not meet the growing needs, were replaced with bigger or more imposing ones – erected in line with currently fashion- able stylistic conventions. Despite the complexity of the architectural land- VFDSHRIWKHFLW\LWLVSRVVLEOHWRDQDO\]HDQGV\V - WHPDWL]HLW,QWKHVHHPLQJO\FKDRWLFDUFKLWHFWXUH RI the city, there can be distinguished a few main “lay- HUV´ VXFK DV LQGLJHQRXV VW\OH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH ³/LWWOH3DULV´PRGHUQLVPDQGVRFLDOLVWUHDOLVP7KLV division is rather stylistic than chronological in its )LJ'LYHUVL¿HGDUFKLWHFWXUHRI%XFKDUHVW FHQWHU SKRWR:-DQXV]HZVNL character because these layers often overlapped and mixed in time, creating hybrid forms or they reap- ,O=UyĪQLFRZDQD]DEXGRZDĞUyGPLHĞFLD%XNDUHV]WX IRW:-DQXV]HZVNL SHDUHGDV³QHRVW\OHV´ Indigenous style The original Romanian architecture is an account of Ottoman Empire. The first mention of Bucharest dates the complex historical process which shaped the culture back from that time (1459). Until the middle of the 19 th of Romania. FHQWXU\WKHFLW\ZDVWKHFDSLWDORI:DOODFKLDDQGWKHVHDW In this respect 106 AD is an important turning point of hospodars ( local rulers ) [2]. when the area of Romania, inhabited at that time by Indo- The peak development of the Romanian national style (XURSHDQWULEHV7KUDFLDQE\RULJLQ±*HWDHDQG'DFLDQV is associated with the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu – was conquered by Emperor Trajan. Consequently, (1654–1714) who became famous as an excellent politi- 5RPDQLD ZDV LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH :HVWHUQ FXOWXUH ,Q cal leader and patron of the arts. Consequently, that style around the 9 th century, after the period of the Barbarian is often termed the Brâncovenesc style. A number of Invasions, the lands by the Danube became part of the buildings in the Brâncovenesc style have been preserved Bulgarian state and the Thraco-Roman people inhabiting in their original form – especially orthodox churches and that area were converted to Eastern Christianity and sub- monasteries from the 17 th –18th century scattered over the MHFWHGWRWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKH%\]DQWLQHFXOWXUH area of the center of Bucharest (Fig. 3). In the 14 th century, two independent Romanian princi- At the beginning of the 20 th century, after a period of SDOLWLHV ZHUH IRXQGHG 0ROGDYLD DQG :DOODFKLD ,Q WKH XQFULWLFDO IDVFLQDWLRQ ZLWK WKH :HVWHUQ (XURSHDQ SDWWHUQV 15 th century, after the fall of Constantinople, they fought these buildings inspired the architects who wished to express DJDLQVW7XUNVEXWORVWDQGDFFHSWHGWKHVX]HUDLQW\RIWKH the national ideas (Fig. 4). One of the most prominent repre- )LJ.UHW]XOHVFX2UWKRGR[&KXUFK ± LQWKH5HYROXWLRQ Fig. 4. Town Hall in Bucharest (1906–1910) designed in the Neo- 6TXDUH SKRWR:-DQXV]HZVNL Romanian style by Petre Antonescu (photo: :-DQXV]HZVNL ) ,O&HUNLHZ.UHW]XOHVFX ± QDSODFX5HZROXFML ,O5DWXV]Z%XNDUHV]FLH ± ]DSURMHNWRZDQ\ZVW\OX (fot. :-DQXV]HZVNL ) QHRUXPXĔVNLPSU]H]DUFK3HWUH$QWRQHVFX IRW:-DQXV]HZVNL ) %HWZHHQ(XURSHDQGWKH(DVW±GUDIWRQDUFKLWHFWXUDOODQGVFDSHRI%XFKDUHVW 119 sentatives of that group was Ion Mincu (1852–1912) who first designed a series of public buildings, townhouses and other Neo-Romanian houses. The Brâncovenesc style and its Neo-Romanian interpre- tation use artistic motifs of various origin. That architecture features the Renaissance harmony of elements, rhythmic articulation and frequent repetition of arcaded loggias and SRUWLFRV7KH%\]DQWLQHPRWLIVDUHYLVLEOHLQWKHIRUPVRI full arches, short columns – sometimes with spiral twisted shafts – and abundant floral decorations of archivolts and IULH]HV6RPH,VODPLFPRWLIVVXFKDV0RRULVKDUFKHVDQG stone ornamented openwork in balustrades are also used. The style’s characteristic feature adopted from the Medieval 5RPDQLDQDUFKLWHFWXUHLVLWV³GHIHQVLYHQHVV´DVWDEOHPDLQ body of the building, strengthened base course and the pres- ence of oriels and towers. However, the most characteristic element is the steep roof with overhanging eaves [5]. The indigenous style has numerous variations which Fig. 5. In the foreground, Neo-Romanian city house; in the back- vary depending on the moment of origin and the archi- ground, modern building with details inspired by indigenous style tect’s ingenuity. Apart from academic examples of the SKRWR:-DQXV]HZVNL Neo-Romanian school, the indigenous elements were ,O1DSLHUZV]\PSODQLHGRPPLHMVNLZVW\OXQHRUXPXĔVNLPZJáĊEL introduced selectively into eclectic architecture and even EXG\QHNPRGHUQLVW\F]Q\]GHWDOHPLQVSLURZDQ\PVW\OHPURG]LP\P modern designs from the 1930s (Fig. 5). (fot. :-DQXV]HZVNL ) Architecture of the “Little Paris” The turning point in the growth of the city was the incor- Consequently, it is not surprising that the expansion of SRUDWLRQRI:DOORFKLDZLWK0ROGRYDLQDQGWKHQWKH %XFKDUHVWWULJJHUHGE\WKHQHFHVVDU\PRGHUQL]DWLRQRIWKH emergence of the Kingdom of Romania in 1881 with its capital city, followed the then popular French patterns. capital in Bucharest. Romania broke free from the political 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH SODQV PDGH E\ *HRUJHV +DXVVPDQQ IRU influence of Turkey. The second half of the 19 th century Paris were applied. The design included broad avenues ZDVWKHSHULRGZKHQ5RPDQLDZLGHO\RSHQHGWR:HVWHUQ JRLQJQRUWKVRXWK 1%DOFHVFXDQG&%UăWLDQXERXOHYDUG Europe. This is when the European patterns were adopted and east-west (Regina Elisabeta and Carol I boulevard) LQPDQ\DVSHFWVRIOLIH7KHUHODWLQL]DWLRQRIWKHODQJXDJH FURVVLQJDWWKH³JUDQGLQWHUVHFWLRQ´ JUDQGHFURLVHH DWWKH consisting in replacing the words with Slavic, Hungarian, 8QLYHUVLW\6TXDUH 3LDĠD8QLYHUVLWăĠLL >@ )LJ and Turkish origin with the words borrowed directly from Over the last two decades of the 19 th century, Italian or French, was symbolically significant and it was a number of representative buildings of public utility and supported by the authorities [2]. government administration were erected in the area of the )LJ(FOHFWLFDUFKLWHFWXUHRI3LDĠD8QLYHUVLWăĠLL Fig. 7. City house with rich decorations from the period of the “Little SKRWR:-DQXV]HZVNL 3DULV´ SKRWR:-DQXV]HZVNL ,O(NOHNW\F]QD]DEXGRZD3LDĠD8QLYHUVLWăĠLL ,O'RPPLHMVNLRERJDWHMGHNRUDFML]RNUHVXÄPDáHJR3DU\ĪD´ (fot. :-DQXV]HZVNL ) (fot. :-DQXV]HZVNL ) 120 Wojciech Januszewski new center. They were designed by Romanian architects neo-classicism, eclecticism, and French neo-renaissance educated in Ècole des Beaux Arts in Paris and often by as well as Art Nouveau around 1900. French designers themselves. The expansion of the city, which was carried out on The buildings from that period are monumental and a grand scale, followed the idea of transforming Bucharest they feature sophisticated details as well as impeccable into “Little Paris.” The fashion for imported architecture workmanship. The style of the new buildings was cosmo- affected not only huge public investments but also indi- politan and generally followed the trends popular then in vidual buildings such as palaces of aristocracy and rich French architecture. The dominant conventions included bourgeoisie, townhouses and city houses [6] (Fig. 7). Modernism The next stage of the city’s rapid growth was the period cultural