TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................xi Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Institutional Context ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 The Implementation Context .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 A Theory of Change Approach to the Planning and Evaluation of the Tech4RED ............................................ 6 1.5 Structure of the Report ................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 A Review of the Policy Context ............................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Medium Term Strategic Framework and National Development Plan .......................................................... 10 2.3 Schooling 2025 .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 The Department of Education White Paper on e-Education ......................................................................... 11 2.5 The National e-Health Strategy ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.6 The National School Nutrition Program ........................................................................................................ 11 2.7 Regulations Relating to Minimum Uniform Norms and Standards for Public School Infrastructure ............. 12 2.8 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 3 Technology for Educational Development: A Review of the Literature ............................................... 15 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Technology Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Technology Integration .................................................................................................................................. 16 3.3.1 Social Impact of Technology Integration .................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Technology Enabled Social Innovation .......................................................................................................... 17 3.5 Technology and Gains in Educational Outcomes ........................................................................................... 18 3.5.1 Technology and Gains in Educational Outcomes: Information Communication Technologies ............. 18 3.5.2. Technology and Gains in Educational Outcomes: Health and Nutrition .............................................. 19 3.5.3 Technology and Gains in Educational Outcomes: Water, Sanitation and Health .................................. 20 3.5.4 Technology and Gains in Educational Outcomes: Energy ..................................................................... 20 3.6 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Technology for Educational Development ................................................... 22 3.7 Conclusion: Technology in the Classroom and Beyond ................................................................................. 23 Chapter 4 Methodology & Research Design ........................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2 Research Purpose .......................................................................................................................................... 24 4.3 Design and Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 25 4.4 Research Activities ........................................................................................................................................ 25 4.4.1 Survey of Material Conditions, Nciba: May, 2013 ................................................................................ 26 4.4.2 Historical Documenting of the Tech4RED, July – November 2013 ....................................................... 27 MERL Final Report up to 31 August 2015 iii 4.4.3 Monitoring Interviews with Working Group Convenors, June – July 2014 .......................................... 27 4.4.4 Monitoring Interviews and FGDs with teachers, principals, members of SGBs, and learners from six schools in the Nciba Circuit, July 2014 – August 2014 .......................................................... 28 4.4.5 Survey of Principal, Teacher and Learner Background, Nciba and Mabelentombi: March and October 2014 .................................................................................................................... 28 4.4.6 Survey of Material Conditions, Nciba and Mabelentombi: March and October 2014 ......................... 29 4.4.7 Learner Performance Study, Nciba and Mabelentombi: March and October 2014, October 2015 ..... 29 4.4.8 Interviews of Eastern Cape Department of Education Officials: December 2015 ................................ 29 4.5 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 5 Innovative Interventions for Inclusive Development ........................................................................... 30 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Information and Communication Technology for Rural Education Development (ICT4RED) Working Group .. 30 5.3 Nutrition ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 5.4 Sanitation ...................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.5 eHealth .......................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.6 Energy ............................................................................................................................................................ 35 5.7 Science Centre ............................................................................................................................................... 35 5.7.1 Mobile Science Lab............................................................................................................................... 36 5.7.2 Science Centre ...................................................................................................................................... 36 5.8 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 6 The Cofimvaba School Community: Principals, Teachers and Learners in Nciba and Mabelentombi ..... 38 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 38 6.2 School Principals in the Intervention and Comparison Circuits ..................................................................... 38 6.3 Mathematics Teachers in the Intervention and Comparison Circuits ............................................................ 39 6.3.1 Academic qualification of mathematics teachers ................................................................................ 39 6.3.2 Years Training ......................................................................................................................................