Study on employment DG MOVE, European and working conditions Commission in air transport and airports Final Report Our ref: 22757901 October 2015 Client ref: MOVE/E1/2014-92-2 Study on employment DG MOVE, European and working conditions Commission in air transport and airports Final Report Our ref: 22757901 October 2015 Client ref: MOVE/E1/2014-92-2 Prepared by: Prepared for: Steer Davies Gleave DG MOVE, European Commission 28-32 Upper Ground E4 - Internal Market & Airports London SE1 9PD Rue de Mot 24 B-1049 Brussels Belgium +44 20 7910 5000 www.steerdaviesgleave.com Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this material for DG MOVE, European Commission. This material may only be used within the context and scope for which Steer Davies Gleave has prepared it and may not be relied upon in part or whole by any third party or be used for any other purpose. Any person choosing to use any part of this material without the express and written permission of Steer Davies Gleave shall be deemed to confirm their agreement to indemnify Steer Davies Gleave for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this material using professional practices and procedures using information available to it at the time and as such any new information could alter the validity of the results and conclusions made. The information and views set out in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The content herein should therefore not be relied upon as a statement of the Commission's or the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport's views. The European Commission does not accept responsibility for any use made thereof. Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 12 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 13 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 24 Background and the need for this study .................................................................................... 24 This report .................................................................................................................................. 25 2 Methodology.................................................................................................................... 26 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 26 Stakeholder engagement............................................................................................................ 26 Quantitative analysis: Data collection ........................................................................................ 27 Data classification and reporting of direct effects ..................................................................... 30 Approach to estimating air transport cluster's direct employment and GVA ............................ 30 Employment data classification and reporting ........................................................................... 31 Labour status definitions ............................................................................................................ 33 Indirect effects methodology ..................................................................................................... 34 3 Setting the scene: traffic trends ........................................................................................ 38 The air transport market: traffic ................................................................................................. 38 4 Direct employment and GVA in the air transport cluster and at airports ............................ 44 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 44 Direct employment in air transport and airports ....................................................................... 44 Air transport cluster: direct employment and GVA .................................................................... 48 Air transport ............................................................................................................................... 53 Airport operation and handling .................................................................................................. 60 Building and repairing of aircraft ................................................................................................ 65 Renting and leasing of aircraft .................................................................................................... 69 Travel agencies and tour operators ............................................................................................ 72 Regulatory administration .......................................................................................................... 75 Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies ............................................................... 77 Operation of flying schools ......................................................................................................... 79 Airport-related activities cluster: direct employment and GVA ................................................. 81 Estimating direct employment in airport-related activities ....................................................... 81 October 2015 | 4 Air transport activities inside airports (sub-cluster (b)): direct employment and GVA .............. 85 Other airport-related activities (sub-cluster (c)): direct employment and GVA ........................ 86 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 88 5 Indirect employment ........................................................................................................ 91 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 91 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 91 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 92 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 98 6 Direct employment patterns ............................................................................................ 100 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 100 Employment profile trends ....................................................................................................... 100 Labour cost and income developments ................................................................................... 117 Air Traffic Management Cost-Effectiveness (ACE) case study .................................................. 121 Productivity and value added ................................................................................................... 123 Health and safety ...................................................................................................................... 129 Employee perceptions of working conditions .......................................................................... 131 7 Working conditions ......................................................................................................... 132 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 132 Types of employment arrangements ....................................................................................... 133 Incomes and training opportunities ......................................................................................... 159 Union membership and other social dialogue issues ............................................................... 163 Health and safety at work ......................................................................................................... 175 Outsourcing .............................................................................................................................. 181 Multiplication of operational bases .......................................................................................... 189 Competition and growth .......................................................................................................... 202 Case study overviews................................................................................................................ 204 8 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 211 Main findings ............................................................................................................................ 211 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 215 October 2015 | 5 Appendices A Data collection & classification B Employment and GVA tables C