Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College Religious Studies Honors Papers Religious Studies Department Spring 5-1-2008 Hark the BattleCry: The American Evangelical Alternative to Secular Youth Culture Christine M. Jackson Connecticut College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/relighp Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Jackson, Christine M., "Hark the BattleCry: The American Evangelical Alternative to Secular Youth Culture" (2008). Religious Studies Honors Papers. 1. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/relighp/1 This Honors Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Religious Studies Department at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Studies Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. Hark the BattleCry: The American Evangelical Alternative to Secular Youth Culture An Honors Thesis presented by Christine Marie Jackson To The Department of Religious Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirement for Honors in the Major Field Connecticut College New London, Connecticut May 2008 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 7 Chapter One 14 American Evangelicalism and the Christian Youth Movement Chapter Two 25 “Enough is enough” Contemporary Manifestations of the ECYM Chapter Three 33 “Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?” Chapter Four 43 Camps, Recreation, and Extra-Academic Institutions Chapter Five 51 Evangelical Secondary Education Chapter Six 59 Youth Ministry in Southeastern Connecticut Conclusion 68 Appendices 71 Bibliography 75 Cover art: Moment of Prayer at BattleCry event, Courtesy of http://dwilson.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/14074162-14074164-slarge.jpg 3 Acknowledgments Having embarked upon and completed this journey, I feel as though I should thank a number of people who have influenced my life in more ways than one. First and foremost, I thank my Mom, Maria. Without her endless determination and undying love, I never would have never been afforded the opportunities I have enjoyed throughout my life. It was her strength of faith, which was imparted upon me, that sparked and kindled my interest in the field of Religious Studies. Secondly, I thank my advisor, Professor Gene Gallagher. His consistent challenges and simultaneous confidence in everything I do have made me a better student and person. Additionally, I thank Professor Brandon Daniel-Hughes. His Christian Tradition course drew me to the Religious Studies major, his class on Religion and the Discontents of Modernity made me think I was crazy for having decided upon the RS major, and his enlightening Evangelicalisms seminar provided me with the questions that I attempt to answer herein. Gallagher and Daniel- Hughes continue to inspire me. You do too, Mom. Finally, I thank my friends. I love you all and thank you for putting up with me when I spent days and nights in the basement of the library. Your continuous support through the best and worst has propelled me forward and through this my final year at Connecticut College. I will miss your conversation, your company, and your laughter. Oh, the places we’ll go! Let’s move some mountains. 4 Pa’ Abby 5 1 Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for to such belongs the kingdom of God. Truly, I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it. -- Mark 10:14 1 Image retrieved from http://www.youarelovedchildcare.com/jesus_w_children_600.jpg 6 Introduction American Evangelical Christians believe that young people in the United States of America are contributing to the degeneration of the country’s moral fiber. Although the young people of America are not necessarily the cause of that moral downfall, they are certainly the most malleable and thus, potentially affected by numerous influences that guide them toward certain vices that have become so common within American society. Consequently, Evangelical Christians have taken it upon themselves to right the wrongs of secular society by appealing to the young people of America, who hold the potential for moral change and social impact. Their cumulative efforts constitute the Evangelical Christian Youth Movement. Youth Movements are characterized by a number of different specifications. Members can range in numbers from a few hundred, to a few hundred thousand, conglomerating around a specific cause, be it social, religious, countercultural, or otherwise. “Young people spontaneously may initiate their own movements for change, or youth movements may be sponsored by adults to supplement the activities of larger social and political movements.”2 Although young people ages thirteen to twenty-five make up the majority of those who participate in the Evangelical Christian Youth Movement, for the most part, it is coordinated and run by middle aged Evangelicals whose mission it is to guide young people towards the Lord Jesus Christ. Teenagers and young adults are then mobilized for a particular cause, be it moral and upright living, Christian leadership and further evangelism, or international missionary work. Thus, the Evangelical Christian Youth Movement, in its American manifestation, is a means by which young people can be saved and mobilized in a life for and with Jesus 2 International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1st Edition, s.v. “Youth Movement” 7 Christ. In Evangelical Christian parlance, they constitute an army of Christian souls. The American Evangelical Christian Youth Movement, therefore, is a multifaceted endeavor that simultaneously acts as a vehicle for conversion of non-Evangelical Christians and an avenue wherein young Evangelicals may feel confirmed in their faith and beliefs; a faith that steers them away from facets of popular culture. The various mediums utilized within the movement to appeal to young people are as numerous as they are distinct. From ‘Holy Hip-Hop’ to ‘Jesus Camps’, rallies to Leadership Academies, the Evangelical community has effectively created a parallel youth culture to that of secular American society. Evangelicals have thought of every way possible to attract young people, Christian or “unreached,” in order to encourage and facilitate conversion and subsequent salvation. Evangelical camps, retreats, and music festivals are some of the tools by which the Evangelical community continues to build its ‘army’ of Christian warriors. All over America, Evangelical Christians organize elaborate extravaganzas in order to achieve one thing: the conversion and commitment to Jesus of hundreds of unsaved souls. Interestingly, the American socio-cultural arena has allowed for the Evangelical movement to prosper: Like nothing else, shared culture is an opportunity for people to connect and gain one another’s trust. Culture – your favorite music, sport, pastime, style, you name it – presents an opening for evangelism. Once bonds are forged over a beloved band or football team, then the Evangelical “message” can work its way into a relationship. It’s what an Evangelical novelist I know calls being “sneaky deep.” Once the message is heard, a world opens in which God’s love, as well as your cultural predilections, provide spiritual isolation from the secular world. It’s hard to imagine an aspect of secular culture lacking a Christian counterpart: one can choose from Christian hip-hop ministries, Christian military intelligence classes, or Christian diet groups in this mirror society.3 3 Lauren Sandler, Righteous: Dispatches from the Evangelical Youth Movement (New York, NY, Viking Penguin), 15 8 Whether a young person is interested in a summertime sleep-away camp, a rock concert or an upstanding Halloween activity, the Evangelical Christian community has the proper, Christian alternative. By providing young Evangelicals with Christian substitutes for otherwise secular activities, children of all ages are afforded the opportunity to feel vindicated in their religious tendencies and less ostracized with regard to the periodic negative social repercussions of their religious affiliation. Hence, this “mirror society” is the vehicle by which young Evangelicals are converted and commissioned in such a way that they do not feel as though they are missing out on secular life, and so find themselves further justified in their faith. Conversion, a “change in direction or motivation,”4 is the defining characteristic of Evangelical Christianity. In Hebrew, it means to regret evil, and in Greek, to change ones mind. Through the phenomenon of conversion, Evangelicals denounce evil in an effort to become closer to Jesus Christ; the New Testament indicates that conversion allows someone to obtain eternal life in and through Jesus Christ and his sacrifice. Through this “new birth”, Christians renounce darkness and begin their journey with God towards everlasting life. Evangelical Christianity holds conversion and evangelism as essential pillars of faith. Believing that teenage and young adult years are filled with potential, Evangelicals target malleable young people with their strategic conversion tactics. Although the Evangelical tradition is proud of the fact that it supports a variety of worship methods, conversion replaces any form of sacramental progression essentially by becoming a one- 4 Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, s.v.