THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ASPECTS OF RELIGIOUS ADMINISTRATION IN THE HITTITE LATE NEW KINGDOM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY JAMES MICHAEL BURGIN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 Copyright © 2016 by James Michael Burgin All rights reserved This work is dedicated to Sarah, who watched the kids all those times I sat in a coffee shop writing. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my parents, Kelly and Jennifer Burgin, and my wife Sarah for their loving support while writing this dissertation. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Theo van den Hout, Petra Goedegebuure, and David Schloen, for the meetings, comments, and discussions we had along the way. Finally, I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to the Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi in Ankara for generous permission to examine the cuneiform tablet archives while preparing this volume. This dissertation was supported by the Adolph Leo Oppenheim Fund and the Franke Institute for the Humanities. I am especially grateful to the latter for providing an office and bi- weekly discussion meetings during the last year of my writing. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 1 PREVIOUS MODELS OF THE HITTITE STATE ............................................................4 1.1 Early Western Consensus (Culture-Historical) ........................................................6 1.2 Goetze: the Ethnogenesis of the Hittite State ..........................................................7 1.3 Soviet Marxist Criticism (Historic-Materialist) .....................................................13 1.4 Struve: The Paradox of “Oriental Stagnation” .......................................................15 1.5 Diakonoff: the “Two-Sector” Model .....................................................................18 1.6 Western Reaction ...................................................................................................24 1.7 The Italian School ..................................................................................................28 1.8 Liverani: a Strongly Dichotomous Two-Sector Model .........................................29 1.9 Zaccagnini: the Neo-”Asiatic Mode of Production” Model ..................................32 1.10 Neo-Marxism and the “New Humanities” .............................................................35 1.11 New Western Consensus ........................................................................................39 1.12 The End of Feudalism ............................................................................................39 1.13 Archi: the Palace Network Model ..........................................................................45 1.14 The Palace-Temple Synthesis ................................................................................50 2 CURRENT MODELS OF THE HITTITE STATE ...........................................................54 2.1 ENVIRONMENT: Forschungsgeschichte ............................................................55 2.2 ENVIRONMENT: Geography of the Anatolian Plateau .......................................57 2.3 ENVIRONMENT: Subsistence on the Anatolian Plateau .....................................60 v 2.4 ENVIRONMENT: Communal Self-Sufficiency ...................................................62 2.5 POLITICAL INTEGRATION: State Intervention ................................................67 2.6 POLITICAL INTEGRATION: Anatolian Regionalism ........................................73 2.7 POLITICAL INTEGRATION: Anatolian Resistance ...........................................80 2.8 REDISTRIBUTION: Wealth Finance, Staple Finance, and Mesopotamian Influence on the Hittite State .................................................................................84 2.9 Conclusions and Future Research ..........................................................................91 3 PHILOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE KASKAL SERIES ................................98 3.1 Structure of the KASKAL Series ...........................................................................99 3.2 Defining the Corpus .............................................................................................104 3.3 The Main Text: Siegelová A-K ............................................................................107 3.4 Variation in the Main Text: Systemic Differences ..............................................109 3.5 Variation in the Main Text: Particular Differences .............................................118 3.6 Editorial Layers in the KASKAL Series ..............................................................134 3.7 Conclusions on Structure .....................................................................................138 4 CONTENTS OF THE KASKAL MAIN TEXT ..............................................................143 4.1 Reconstructing the Goods of the KASKAL Main Text .......................................145 4.2 Tabulation of Durable Goods ...............................................................................146 4.3 Estimated Original Contents of Durable Goods Tablet .......................................153 4.4 Tabulation of Textiles ..........................................................................................158 4.5 Estimated Original Contents of Textiles Tablet ...................................................172 5 RELATIVE VALUE OF THE KASKAL MAIN TEXT ................................................174 5.1 Gifts in the Egyptian-Hittite Correspondences ....................................................175 vi 5.2 Tribute from Hittite Vassals .................................................................................186 5.2.1 Ugarit .......................................................................................................186 5.2.2 Amurru .....................................................................................................198 5.3 Comparative Magnitude of the KASKAL Main Text .........................................199 6 THE HITTITE VOW CORPUS ......................................................................................204 6.1 Dating Criteria of Vows in Detail ........................................................................209 6.2 Using the Vows as Economic Documents ...........................................................221 6.3 Vows Concerning Health and Wellness ..............................................................224 6.4 Vows Concerning Military Matters .....................................................................236 6.5 Vows Concerning Dreams and Omens ................................................................245 6.6 Vows against Calamity ........................................................................................248 6.7 Vows for Good Tidings .......................................................................................250 6.8 Vows for Political Matters ...................................................................................252 6.9 Unconditional Vows ............................................................................................254 6.10 Vows with Damaged or Lost Conditions .............................................................255 6.11 Vows of Tudhaliya ...............................................................................................259 6.12 Vow Fulfillment in Practice .................................................................................262 6.13 Average Value and Significance of the Vow Objects .........................................268 6.14 Reconstructing a Schedule of Vows in the Reign of Hattusili and Puduhepa .....273 6.15 Source and Destination of the Votive Objects .....................................................275 6.16 Conclusions on the Votive Corpus ......................................................................278 6.17 The Votive Texts and the KASKAL Series .........................................................280 7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................282 vii A THE ETERNAL TREATY DOSSIER: The 21st year of Ramses II ................................285 B HITTITE-EGYPTIAN ROYAL MARRIAGE: The 34th year of Ramses II ...................290 C CONCORDANCE OF REFERENCED TEXTS .............................................................296 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................297 viii LIST OF TABLES 1 Durable Goods in KUB 42.11 (Siegelová 10.A) .............................................................146 2 Durable Goods in KUB 42.14 (Siegelová 10.D) .............................................................153 3 Durable Goods and Textiles in KUB 42.16(+)IBoT 3.110 (Siegelová 10.E and 10.Ea) .160 4 Durable Goods and Textiles in KBo 18.175(+) (Siegelová F(+)G(+)H) .........................166 5 Textiles in KUB 42.17 (Siegelová 10.G) .........................................................................170