Measurers’ Manual 2017 PREFACE This manual is designed to be a reference guide for existing International Measurers, with the aim of contributing to consistency in measurement / inspection all over the world. It should be also used as a learning tool for all measurers, especially those who are gathering knowledge and experience with the aim of becoming International Measurers. Parts of this manual are used as textbook for WS International Measurer Seminars. Since our sport is constantly changing and evolving, a manual such as this has to be a living document that needs to be updated constantly. Therefore, contributions to improve it are always welcome and will be posted on the WS Web site as updates are made. The responsibility for the contents of the International Measurers Manual and keeping it up to date lies with the International Measurers Sub Committee (IMSC) of WS. The origins of this manual can be traced back to the 1986 IYRU Measurement Manual, prepared by Tony Watts, former Chief Measurer of the IYRU. In 2004, Jean Pierre Marmier, IM (Soling), prepared a major update to that manual, which was finalized in May 2007 by the IMSC, and then published for the first time as the ISAF International Measurers Manual. The 2017 version covers all aspects of Class measurement / inspection, being enhanced and updated with new material. Through the years, the following persons have contributed in various ways in building up this manual: Simon Forbes, WS Technical Officer Paul Handley, Former WS Technical Officer Antonio Cardona, IM (STAR, DRAGON) Dimitris Dimou, IM (FINN, 420, 470, Platu25) Sebastian Edmonds, IM (RS:X) Alex Finsterbusch, IM (420, 470, J24) John Goldsmith, Former IM (TORNADO, A-CAT) Peter Hinrichsen, Former IM (FD, FINN) Barry Johnson, IM (420, 29er, 49er, Kiteboard) Ken Kershaw, IM (12M) John Koopman, Former IM (STAR) Paolo Luciani, IM (RS:X) Niki Nocke, Former IM (EUROPE) Guy-Roland Perrin, IM (RC44, 6M, 8M) Edward T. Polidor, Former IM (SOLING) Jüri Saraskin, IM (FINN) David Sprague, IM (LIGHTNING) Andrew Williams, IM (FARR 40) Richard Hart, (Former member of EQSC) Dina Kowalyshyn, IM (J70) Cliff Norbury, Former Chairman of ISAF Sailing Committee Nicola Sironi, ORC Chief Measurer ERS Working Group 2001-2004 (Jim Hartvig Andersen, chairman) In House Certification Working Group 2001-2004 (Bengt Gustafsson, chairman) Special thanks to all of them. Dimitris Dimou Chairman WS International Measurers Sub-Committee December 2016 © WS Measurers’ Manual Version January 2017 i CONTENTS Page Preface i World Sailing (WS) Measurers’ Manual A The Basics A.1 Introduction A 2 A.2 Meaning of Terms A 2 B WS International Measurer Programme B.1 International Measurer (IM) B 2 B.2 Terms of Appointment B 4 B.3 Applications for Appointment and Re-appointment B 4 B.4 Qualifications and Competences B 4 B.5 Considerations for Appointment B 7 C Qualities of an International Measurer C.1 Personal Attributes / Abilities C 2 C.2 Code of Behaviour C 2 C.3 Conflict of Interest C 3 D Reserved for future use E Measurement Fundamentals E.1 “Measurer” E 2 E.1.1 Role of the “Measurer” E 2 E.1.2 Qualifications of “Measurers” E 3 E.1.3 Appointment and Authority of “Measurers” E 3 E.1.4 “Measurer’s” Practice E 5 E.2 Application of Class Rules E 7 E.2.1 Objectives of Class Rules E 7 E.2.2 Changes to Class Rules E 8 E.2.3 Interpreting Class Rules E 8 E.2.4 Plans – Drawings E 9 E.2.5 Construction Rules E 9 E.3 Certification Measurement E 9 E.3.1 Measurer E 10 E.3.2 Arrangement for Measurement E 10 E.3.3 Measurement Conditions E 10 E.3.4 Measurement Forms and Certificates E 10 E.3.5 Recording Measurements E 11 E.3.6 Declaration E 11 E.3.7 International Class Fees and ISAF Plaques E 12 E.3.8 Application for a Measurement Certificate E 12 E.4 Measurement of Alterations E 12 E.4.1 Replacements E 12 E.4.2 Performance Alterations E 13 E.4.3 Repairs E 13 E.5 Racing Rules and Measurement E 13 E.5.1 Measurer’s responsibility – Racing rule 78.3 E 13 E.5.2 Damage or deviations in excess of tolerances, © WS Measurers’ Manual Version January 2017 ii measurement protests RRS 64.3 E 14 E.5.3 Identification on sails RRS 77 E 15 E.5.4 Advertising: RRS 80 and WS Regulation 20 E 15 E.5.5 Right to Protest (RR 60.2) E 15 F Accuracy, Precision and Reproducibility in Measurement F.1 Introduction F 2 F.2 Basic Standards and Units F 2 F.3 Definition of terms F 3 F.4 Errors F 5 F.5 Measurement Techniques and Reproducibility F 17 F.6 Tool certification: Accuracy & Standards F 17 F.6.1 Mechanical tools for length measurements F 18 F.6.2 Electronic tools for length measurements F 18 F.6.3 Straight Edges F 19 F.6.4 Square Edges F 19 F.6.5 Spirit and Electronic Levels F 20 F.7 Mass and Weight F 21 F.7.1 Scales F 25 G Measurement Tools G.1 Standard Measurement Tools G 2 G.2 Purpose-designed measurement tools G 5 G.3 Specialized tools G 8 G.4 Hull-related Electronic measurement Equipment G 9 G.5 Class-Specific Equipment G 11 H Hull Measurement H.1 Hull Shape Measurement H 3 H.1.1 Introduction H 3 H.1.2 Reference Systems H 3 H.1.3 Hull Length and Width H 6 H.1.4 Hull Profile H 7 H.1.4.1 Simplified Keel Rocker measurement H 11 H.1.5 Hull Sections H 15 H.1.5.1 Section measurement using templates H 15 H.1.5.2 Section Measurement for hulls with chines H 18 H.1.5.3 Section measurement for development classes H 20 H.1.5.4 Hull measurement with a model template H 20 H.1.5.5 Generic Hull measurement: XYZ coordinates H 21 H.1.6 Stem profile H 21 H.1.6.1 Stem Templates H 22 H.1.6.2 Rake of Stem H 22 H.1.7 Transoms H 23 H.1.8 Measurements in way of centreboard slot H 23 H.1.9 Radius of chines H 23 H.1.10 Deck camber H 23 H.1.11 Sheer guards or rubbing strakes H 23 H.1.12 Internal measurements H 24 H.1.13 Fairness of the surface of the hull H 24 H.2 Hull measurement with templates: Case studies H 24 H.2.1 Toolkit H 24 H.2.2 Baselines H 25 © WS Measurers’ Manual Version January 2017 iii H.2.3 Hull setup H 27 H.2.4 Keel profile measurement H 29 H.2.5 Template Measurement H 32 H.2.6 Deck Measurement H 33 H.2.7 FD Class hull measurement system H 34 H.2.8 Tornado Class hull measurement system H 37 H.2.9 Hull measurement of a “chine” hull: Case study for the Lightning Class. H 39 H.2.9.1 Hull setup H 39 H.2.9.2 Levelling and measurement of hull H 41 H.3 Hull Weight H 47 H.3.1 Hull weighing conditions H 47 H.3.2 Underweight boats and weight correctors H 48 H.3.3 Weighing at Major Events H 48 H.3.4 Freeboard measurement H 50 H.4 Weight Distribution H 51 H.4.1 The “Lamboley” Swing Test H 52 H.4.2 Weight Distribution and Centre of Gravity: Practice H 55 H.4.2.1 Errors and their reduction H 58 H.4.3 Snipe Class swing test & Lightning bounce test H 60 H.4.4 Dragon Class swing test H 62 H.4.5 Star Class swing test H 65 H.4.6 Stewart 34 Class swing test H 66 H.4.7 Yngling Class tilt swing test H 67 H.4.8 Bifilar suspension test H 69 H.4.9 The complete boat H 72 H.4.10 Inclining tests – vertical position of center of gravity (ORC) H 74 H.5 Buoyancy H 75 H.5.1 Buoyancy apparatus H 75 H.5.2 Immersion buoyancy tests H 76 H.5.3 Buoyancy tank air test H 77 H.5.4 Buoyancy inspection H 77 H.6 Measurement with Ultrasonic Thickness Gages H 77 H.6.1 Introduction H 77 H.6.2 Considerations H 78 H.6.3 Getting Started H 79 H.6.4 Technique H 80 H.6.5 Data H 81 H.7 Laser Measurement Methods H 82 H.7.1 Laser Tracker H 82 H.7.2 Total Station & Laser Scanner H 86 I Hull Appendages I.1 Profile I 2 I.2 Section I 3 I.3 Position I 6 I.4 Other controls I 8 I.5 Hull Appendage inspection at events I 8 J Rigs J.1 Introduction J 2 J.2 Spar measurement points and limit marks J 2 J.3 Section measurements of spars J 4 J.4 Curvature (Straightness) of spar J 4 © WS Measurers’ Manual Version January 2017 iv J.5 Weight J 4 J.6 Deflection tests J 8 J.7 Rigging points J 9 J.8 Poles J 10 J.9 ERS Rig measurement in steps J 10 J.10 Rig Inspection at events J 13 K Sails K.1 Sail Construction K 2 K.1.1 Types of ply K 2 K.1.2 Ply weight / thickness K 3 K.1.3 Sail materials K 8 K.1.4 Fibres found in Sail materials K 11 K.1.5 Methods of Sail manufacture K 17 K.1.6 Glossary (of Sail Material Terms) K 19 K.2 Sail dimensions measurement K 20 K.2.1 Corner measurement points (ERS G.4) K 20 K.2.2 Sail edge measurement points (ERS G.5) K 24 K.2.3 Primary sail dimensions (ERS G.7) K 25 K.2.4 Other Sail Dimensions (ERS G.8) K 28 K.2.5 Additional Sail Controls K 31 K.2.6 Identification on Sails K 31 K.2.7 Advertising on Sails K 33 K.2.8 Certification marks on Sails K 34 K.2.9 Non-standard sail measurement examples K 35 K.3 Inspection of Sails K 40 K.3.1 Sail Table Preparation K 41 K.3.2 Sail Table Application K 46 K.4 Sail Area Measurement K 47 K.4.1 General K 47 K.4.2 Sail Area measurement instructions K 47 K.4.2.1 Preliminary remarks K 48 K.4.2.2 Spars and Wing Sails K 48 K.4.2.3 Soft sails set on Spars K 49 K.4.2.4 Soft sails not set on Spars K 52 K.4.2.5 Sails of unusual shape K 52 K.4.2.6 Spinnakers K 52 K.4.3 Recording Measurements and Calculations K 52 K.4.4 Test Case: Moth Sail Measurement K 53 L Equipment Inspection L.1 Introduction L 2 L.2 Fundamental issues L 2 L.2.1 Single Class versus Multi-Class events L 2 L.2.2 Inspection Levels L 3 L.2.3 Facilities and resources L 4 L.3 General Guidelines L 5 L.4 Equipment Inspector’s Responsibilities L 7 L.5 Measurement team Management L 9 L.6 Inspection methods and tools L 10 L.7 Special Inspection issues L 10 L.7.1 Personal / Portable Equipment L 10 L.7.2 Crew weight L 16 © WS Measurers’ Manual Version January 2017 v L.7.2.1 Class Rules Approaches L 16 L.7.2.2 Event Inspection of Crew Weight L 19 L.7.3 Wet