DOCUMENT RESUME ED 250 132 RC 015 014 AUTHOR Watahomigie, Lucille J.; And Others TITLE Hualapai Reference Grammar. INSTITUTION California Univ., Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center.; Peach Springs School District #8, AZ. SPONS AGENCY American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa.; National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C.; Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (ED), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-935626-07-7 PUB DATE 82 NOTE 599p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use Materials (For Learner) (051) -- Reference Materials - General (130) EDRS PRICE MF03/PC24 Plus Postage. , DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Languages; Function Words;*GriCmar; Morphemes; Nouns; Reference Materials; Resource Materials; *Sentence Structure; *Structural Grammar; Written Language ,- IDENTIFIERS *Hualapai; Yuman Languages ABSTRACT A first and modest beginning toward a grammar of the Hualapai language, a Pai branch of the Yuman language family, this reference book is intended for use by: the Hualapai people to reaffirm the vitality of their language; the Hualapai teachers in their preparation of language materials for teaching; younger Haulapais to find the regularity and complexity of the language; and the linguists and general public to see the richness of the Hualapai language. Consisting of six parts, the reference book: reviews how a writing system was selected for the Hualapai language; explains the alphabet used and how each letter is pronounced; discusses the basic structure of Hualapai sentences with attention to noun and verb usage; explains how different types of sentences are formed and what they mean; and presents a discussion on nouns and pronouns. Other information provided includes an analysis of verbs in detail, a discussion of verbal expressions, and an explanation of sound symbolism; types and formation of useful expressions (modal, habit and repetition, and degree) are discussed and ways in which sentences can be expanded into longer and more complex ones areexplained. Two appendices provide the vocabulary words and grammatical morphemes (Hualapai-English and English-Hualapai) that appear in the book. (ERB) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ***********************************************t*********************** HUALAPAI REFERENCE GRAMMAR Lucille J. Watahomigie, Jorigine Bender and Akira Y, Yamamoto with Elnora Mapatis, Josie Manakaja and Malinda P9wskey Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, UCLA, 1982 3220 Campbell Hall Los Angeles, CA 90024 U3. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEDBY CENTER It RICI thin clomment has been icoultiumul IIS 1PLIIIvoli 1111111 II If,1m Moil Illotganuat,oft otiginallitil II 1141(11tchWIII,19 IIIW1)111,11111111Itoilliptositl iLthaM, .P MIMidiMion,PWW dnru TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES 1m(hI1I1May$001WialNIE INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." idwdnln .0 p1111 y ll r Library of Congress Card Catalog Number:82-72614 'ISBN 0. 935626 -07 -7 1982 Peach Springs District #8 and The Regents of The University of California liroglyph Design 1982 La Van Martineau Coverpesign 1982 [Anne Hinton 3 rti DEDICATED to The Hualapai Tribe of Arizona CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS xviii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xxi PART I INTRODUCTION Chapter I: Development-of the.Hualapai Writing Syst.,m 2 1.0 Prologue 2 1.1 Bilingual/Bicultural Education 5 1.2 DeVeloping an Orthography--Bilingual/Bicultural Program and the Linguist 7 1.3 Writing System and Phoenic System of Hualapai 8 1.4 Writing System and Phonemic Inventory of Hualapai 11 1.5 Revised Orthography as of 1979 16 1.6 Epilogue 20 Chapter II: The Hualapai Alphabet 27 2.0 Introduction - - 27 2.1 Vowels 27 2,1.1 Short Vowels 27 2.1.2 Long Vowels 29 2.1.3 Diphthongs 31 2.2 Consonants 32 2.2.1 Consonants Represented by Single Letters 32 2.2.2 Combinations of Letters for Consonants 38 V 2.3 Stress 39 2.4 Dropping Vowels 40 2.5 Spelling Variations 40 PART II CONSTRUCTING THE SENTENCE Chapter 1: Simple Sentences, an overview 46 1.0 Examples of Sentences 46 1,1 Word Order 48 1.2 Postpositions: Case Markers 50 1.2.1 Subject Case Marker -ch 50 1.2.2 Object Case Marker 0 50 1.2.3 Analysis of Sentences 51 1,2.4 Commitative Marker -m 54 1.2.5 Instrumental Marker -m 55 1,2.6 Directional and Locative Markers: -k, -m, -1 and -e 57 1,2.6.1 -k 57 58 1.2.6.2 1.2.6.3 -1 59 60 1.2.6.4 -e 1.2.6.5 Other Locative-Expressions 61 A. du:1 61 B. du:jal 61 C, makat 62 62 9,mul'ol vi E. gwaji(v)k 63 F. gwajim 63 G. bukal 64 H. ya:kal 64 1. ya:k 65 J. ya:mal 65 K. ja:hk 67 L. ja:hm 67 M. ya:1 67 1.2.6.6 Locative -e with Other Locatives 68' 1.2.7 Adverbial. Marker -m 69 1.2.8 Vocative Marker -e and -ye 71 1.2.9 Syntactic Markers -k and -m 75 1.2.9.1 Same-Subject/Reference Marker -k 75 1.2.9.2 Different-Subject/Reference Marker -m 76 1.3 Auxiliaries: -yu, -wi, -i and -y 78 1.3.1 Auxiliary Verb -yu."be" 78 1.3.2 Auxiliary Verb -wi "do" 79 1.3.3 Auxiliary Verb -i "say" 80 1.4 Auxiliaries and their Affixes 84 1.4.1 First Person Marker and Auxiliary Verb 84 1,4.2 Second Person Marker and Auxiliary Verb 86 1.4,3 Third Person Marker and Auxiliary Verb 87 1.4.4 Past Tense (Perfective) Marker -ny 88 _ - - ° - 8 9 1 . 4 . 5 Glottal Stop ' and Other Abbreviated Forms - - 1.5 Verbs with Auxiliaries -yu, -wi, -i and -yi 94 1.').1 YU-Verbs -94 1.5.2 WI-Verbs 95 1.5.3 I-Verbs 97 1.5.4 YU/WI-Verbs 97 1.5.5 YU/I-Verbs 98' 1.5.6 IU/WI/I/YI-Verbs 99 Chapter II: Types of Sentences 103 2.0 Types of Sentences 103 2.1 Declarative Sentences 103 2.2 Interrogative Sentences 108 2.2.1 Yes/No-Questions 108 2.2.1.1 Intonation 108 2.2.1.2 -wi and -we 110 2.2.1.3 Stative Verb Stem 'Plus-e 112 2.2.1.4 Active Verb Stem Plus -e 115 2.2.1.5 Auxiliary -me 118 2.2.1.6 -elalcipayng-Aux ng-Aux 119 2.2.1.7 Addit.on of -ngme 120 2.2.1.8 Variations 121 2.2.2 WH-Questions 125 2.2.2.1 ga "who ". vga "specifically who" - - 125 2.2.2.2 gwegayu: "what" gwegavyu: "specifically what" -- - 126 2,2.2,3 ge "where" vge "which specific place" 132 2.2.2.4 gii(v)yu:im/ga(v)yu:yim "why" 134 2.2.2.5 ga "how" 138 2.2.2,6 gayu:j "which (among two or more)" gavyu:j "which specific one (among two or more)" gavgiyu:j "which specific one (among two or more)" - 138 2.2.2.7 ganyum "when" 140 2.2.2.8 Summary of WI{ -Words 141 2.2.3 Emphatic Marker be - 143 2 3 Imperative Sentences 148 2.3.1 Hortative Sentences 'Let's ..,!" 148 2.3.2 Command Sentences 149 2.3.3 Prohibition (Negative Command) 151 2.4 Negation - 155 2.4.1 ela'op/Wopron/Wom/el'um 155 2.4.2 Negative Particle gay - 158 2.4.3 Other Negative Verbs 160 2.5 Predicate Nominal Constructions 162 2.5.1 Predicate Nominal Expressions with First and Third Person Subjects 162 2.5.1.1 Subject Noun Phrase + Predicate Noun Phrase -chyu - - 162 2.5.1.2 Subject Noun Phrase + Object Noun Phrase-vchyu - - - 164 2.5.1.3 Plural Form.for -chyu and -vchyu 165 2.5.1.4 Predicate Nominal as Verbal Element 166 2.5.21/4 Predicate Nominal Expressions with Second Person Subject 168 2.5.2.1 Second Person Singular Subject 168 2.5,2.2 Second Person Plural Subject 169 2.5.2.3 Summary Table- 171 PART III ELEMENTS OF' THE SENTENCE: NOUN PHRASES Ix Chapter I: Noun Phrases 173 1.0 Noun Phrases 173 1.1 Different Semantic Classes of Nouns in Possessive Construtions 173 1.1.1 Kinship Expression: Possessor + Person Marker-Noun 174 1.1.2 Animal Expression: Noun + Possessor,+ Person Marker-nyihad 179 1.1.3 General Possession: Noun + Possessor + Person Marker-wi 180 1.1.3.1 Kinship Terms 170 1.1.3.2 Personal Objects 182 1.1.3.3 Other Objects 184. 1.1.3.4 Properties 186 1.1.3.5 Animals 188 1.1.4 Thing On and Off the Person: -o;1 -wo and -y9 191 -t 1 1.2 Numbers \ 194 1.2.1 Vowel ilange [1] 194 1.2.2 Vowel hange [2] 195 1.2.2.1 Vowel Lengthening 195 1.2.2.2 "An\areawhere lots of ... exist" 196 1.2.2.3 "Having strong characteristics of .11 196 1.2.2.4 Noun to Verb 197 _ 1,2.3 Addition\of Plural Suffix -I 198 1.2.4 Plural Noiins 200 1.2.5 Supptetive\Forms 201 112.6 Noun + dek/7 201 o x Chapter II: Pronouns 204 2.0 Pronouns 204 c. 2.1 Personal Pronouns 204 2.2 Personal Pronouns as Verbal Prefixes) 204 2.2.1 Personal Pronouns in Intransitive Constructions 205 2.2.2 Personal Pronouns in Transitive Constructions 207 2.3. Indefinite Pronouns 213 2.3.1 ga "someone" 213 2.3:2 gwegayu: "something" 214 2.3.3 ga(v)yu:j "some one (thing), certain which one" [Variations include: gavg(i)yu:j, gavgi:j or gelyu:j (slang)] 215 2.3.4 ge "some=place" 215 2.3.5 ganyilm "sometime" 216 2.3.6 ga "somehow" 217 Chapter III: Demonstratives 218'.