VU Research Portal Maintaining cooperation and diversity in the mycorrhizal symbiosis Duhamel, M.A.P. 2013 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Duhamel, M. A. P. (2013). Maintaining cooperation and diversity in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. VU University Press. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Maintaining cooperation and diversity in the mycorrhizal symbiosis Marie Duhamel Members of the jury: Prof.dr. H.J. Bouwmeester, Wageningen UR Dr. E.E. Kuramae, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen Prof.dr. M.G.A. van der Heijden, Agroscope, Zürich Prof.dr. J.H.C. Cornelissen, VU University Amsterdam Prof.dr. J. Ellers, VU University Amsterdam Cover photograph: Jan Jansa Cover design: Janine Mariën Lay-out: Désirée Hoonhout Print: VU University Press Thesis 2013-07 of the Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands © Marie Duhamel 2013 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Maintaining cooperation and diversity in the mycorrhizal symbiosis ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op woensdag 13 november 2013 om 13.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Marie Duhamel geboren te Cherbourg, Frankrijk promotoren: prof.dr. N.M. van Straalen prof.dr. Ph. Vandenkoornhuyse copromotor: dr. E.T. Kiers Table of contents: List of abbreviations List of figures Summary ............................................................................................................................... 9 Résumé ............................................................................................................................. 10 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................................. 11 General introduction ................................................................................................................... 13 I. Relationships among living organisms ..................................................................................... 13 1. Symbiosis: definition ...................................................................................................... 13 2. Theory: Evolutionary forces and the symbiosis dilemma ........................................ 14 3. Key mechanisms contributing to stability of 'mutualistic' symbiosis ..................... 15 a. Partner choice ............................................................................................................ 15 b. Vertical transmission.................................................................................................. 15 c. Obligate dependency ................................................................................................... 15 II. Symbiosis between plants and fungi ......................................................................................... 16 1. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis ...................................................................... 16 a. History, taxonomy ..................................................................................................... 16 b. Toward a molecular diagnosis of fungal diversity? .................................................... 18 c. Description, characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhiza ............................................... 19 d. Nutrient exchanges .................................................................................................... 22 2. No host specificity but host preference ...................................................................... 22 3. Importance of AM symbiosis in ecosystems ............................................................... 23 a. Importance for plant development and reproduction ................................................. 23 b. Impact of AM fungi on soil structure ........................................................................ 24 c. Fungal and plant community structure ..................................................................... 24 d. Link between AM symbiosis and ecosystem stability and productivity ................... 25 III. Objectives and approaches ....................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 1: Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis ...... 27 Supporting material ..................................................................................................................... 35 Material and Methods .................................................................................................................. 35 Supplementary figures ................................................................................................................ 45 Supplementary tables ................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 2: Do fungivores trigger the transfer of protective metabolites from host plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae ................................................................................ 57 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 58 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 60 Results ............................................................................................................................. 63 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 66 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 69 Supplemental material ................................................................................................................ 70 Chapter 3: PHYMYCO-DB: A curated database for analyses of fungal diversity and evolution ........................................................................................................................................ 79 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 80 Pollution of public sequence database and the aim of PHYMYCO-DB ................................ 81 Database structure : Design and implementation .................................................................... 82 Tools within PHYMYCO-DB ....................................................................................................... 86 PHYMYCO-DB as a tool for phylogenetic identifications and inferences ........................... 86 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 89 Availability and future directions .............................................................................................. 90 Supporting information ............................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 4: Does a decrease in plant diversity lead to a decrease in AM symbiont diversity? ..................................................................................................................... 93 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 93 Material and methods ................................................................................................................... 94 Preliminary results and discussion .......................................................................................... 103 Supplementary material ............................................................................................................. 113 Chapter 5: Global sustainable agriculture: new possible trajectories from mutualistic symbiosis ............................................................................................................... 115 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 116 Intensive vs. extensive agriculture?.......................................................................................... 116 Crop selection from traits? ........................................................................................................