DOCUMENT RESUME ED 320 544 IR 014 458 AUTHOR Sewart, David, Ed.; Daniel, John S., Ed. TITLE Developing Distance Education. Papers Submitted to the World Conference of the International Council for Distance Education (14th, Oslo, Norway, August 9-16, 1988). INSTITUTION International Council for Distance Education. REPORT NO ISBN-82-508-1011-2 PUB DATE 88 NOTE 472p.; For a report from the 14th conference, see IR 014 440. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Conference Proceedings (021) -- Reports - Descriptive (141) -- Reports - Research /Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC19 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Administration; Communications Satellites; *Developing Nations; *Distance Education; Economics; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Instructional Development; Program Evaluation; *Services; Student Attrition; *Teacher Education; *Telecommunications; Teleconferencing; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Interactive Television ABSTRACT These proceedings contain 10 keynote papers and more than 100 papers from an international conference on the theme of developing distance education. The keynote papers are:(1) "Communications Technology" (Yoshia Abe); (2) "Continuing Education. New Needs and Challenges for Distance Studies" (Urban Dahllof); (3) "Distance Education and National Development" (John S. Daniel);(4) "Distance Education--A Developing Concept" (Jack Foks); (5) "Organisational Autonomy and Coordination in Distance Education" (Patrick Guiton);(6) "Distance Teaching and Credit Transfer" (John Horlock); (7) "How to Develop a Correspondence Course" (Michael P. Lambert); (8) "If Student Services Are So Important, Then WhyAre We Cutting Them Back?" (Ross Paul); (9) "Women in Distance Education" (Christine von Prummer, Gill Kirkup, and Barbara Spronk); (10) "Economics in Distance Education: Time for a Change of Direction?" (Greville Rumble). The conference papers represent distance education projects worldwide in elementary and secondary education, higher education, and vocational education. Issues include program administration; the production of instructional materials; the use of telecommunications media, including interactive television, communications satellites, and computer conferencing; program evaluation; teacher education applications; instructional design for cognitive skill development; and student attrition. Referencesare provided in most of the papers. Appended are personal study contracts and related documents for administering distance learning in Tasmanian high schools. (GL) "17----T---- -1-'17, AtI II vallitlit .11',L .1 1 II 1 MP__ 1L,-,Mr 111 I1'11",-, II ..._ V'JWr .41higifillt-,'11-''''40111.'1 11A""--11., Pob---golob-111Al A Ima:,. ma, i ,illikor* AK , on ,,...., 11 IN'- 1 1 1 onr-qtr-1 alio ii. ,. IL "11"/ A- -""7"7:71r...17:'.. JL a-y-ml.. 1 Now...-.,, 1''1 , t4111Pirrill ANIN illr...A-..d:miii011111.--411if 1....16.1.-1 r111111;' l'r-IrBr 'lirl'g! rt4 ' 7-- JUNI Al.'-..'','':'- .,=,17-7=7777-1/ I"I 'II/P'"I IMIL:11 .mialiallig411' ',"1 711111111t 1111b0.--..ifillr 1. ,,tir ,],ii(-:..L.;1;',!'ies I gummill.....4- I" L - I '..::',77.:. -;,C;' . ';,,'11111-'1! Lk --711m' L_ '111 17:1- 11 .doc,-,40,i-Ir .16.2e.'1 bili ,A,1111' --I al It . libiiiiIIIBL______I iii,rri-AIIIIC r Mk ... AL..' frimmar'' 'f II_ ir -41.:..--1111-1 MB .r .-71'.''-'...111110,r' ;'1777117--,77-1/- :'Ali4:.dif ' 1' ..1 '4CIni1 -""milllr"'''''"1A NV, -,1 'Am. PIP"' NNE . I IIIIII.- I II 1 WIL**Trill-..itailP"14111411111w...11-111111111'"i-,,;,, riP' --iime--1I ::.- : : . Li --lamem--'1-....g11111I _..1--m--11I - 1 I -Mild me&r T1. ,,,-7-99.41i. 177.7! '", "11......._ 1 ' -41111111016 Lodge V" _111/ L'' , *mid fill ".'''..- ., 'V . '11111111Fil`1 I I - I 7 Ar 1 f a mimp 'V 11',:',A1111111,:;,:shiL...,- Mr .1.--1!"1"1k '111111 ilimimil mm--1"I /INIL_1- __All 41. M1111114111091006-1P-111g44.1f'''',, .411PhiI ism...01111'S- aN. lullPPNIL=11111__L- 1 1 Mk_ _A1 'Yr ''''' I 111 1 1 1W4a11111111111174'2.4"1"1-11 WV' k _I AllPi--11. P110411.11"41111111111L,11111111--NIL INKI_ AM 1 1 14.11% 1111 ig -11t...3I Almsr-_MIA A A1111111111111116.= HU1 .4111 =An NNW .1.1!14 .414.- 41 11111111111111 r1111iI MIA44 nor- 4111111111111,imas MEM11111111111111111MILmom R IC 1 DAVID SMART JOHN S. DANIEL Developing Distance Education Papers submittedto the 14th World Conferencein Oslo 9-16 August 1988 Interr...:tional Council for Distance Education Oslo 1988 © ICDE 1988 Cover design: Josef Leupi Layout: Reidar Gjorven Set in: Optima 10/11 Printed in: Varnamo, Sweden 1988 by Faiths Tryckeri ISBN 82-506-1011-2 4 CONTENTS Preface 5 Key-note papers 7 Yoshia Abe: Communications technology 9 Urban Oahildf Continuing education. New needs and challenges for distance studies 16 John S. Daniel: Distance education and national development 21 Jack Foks: Distance educationa developing concept 31 Patrick Guiton: Organisational autonomy and coordination in distance education 39 John Horlock: Distance teaching and credit transfer 45 Michael P. Lambert: How to develop a correspondence course 47 Ross Paul: If student services are so important, than why are we cutting them back? 50 Christine von PrOmmer, Gill Kirkup and Barbara Spronk: Women in distance education 57 Greville Rumble: Economics in distance education: time for a change of direction? 63 Conference papers (alphabetical by author) 71 3 5 PREFACE Learning at a distance is not a new phenomenon. Indeed it might be said that the Epistles of St Paul provide evidence of an early appreciation of this method of overcoming problems of distance andtime. It is, however, in the 20th century and particularly in the last two decades that this form of education has entered strongly into the theory and practice of education throughout the world. The growth of institutions providing this form of support to students has been accompanied by the development of a body of knowledge about the principles and practices which are essential for the creation of a successful and statisfying learning experience for students. Clearly the practices will vary since they must be based upon methods of communication available in particular areas of the world and an emphasis on broadcasting and postal communication is oftena reflection o: a region's dominant communication medium rather thana conscious choice. Indeed, one of the strengths of Distance Education is the variety of media which have proved successful for it. ICDE celebrates its 50th anniversary in Oslo this year. In 1938a group of pioneers from correspondence institutions in 6 countries met in Victoria, Canada and founded the International Council for Correspondence Education. After the Second World War the Council expanded steadily, holding the World Conference ina different country every four years. In the 1960's growth accelerated and the Stockholm Conference in 1965 attracted over 200 delegates from 25 nations. Thi3 growthwas sustained through the 1970's reflecting the evolution of Distance Education and the creation of "open" Universities and Colleges inmany parts of the world. In 1982, at the 12th World Conference in Vancouver, Canada,more than 400 delegates adopted a name change the International Council for Distance Educationbetter to express the contemporary diversity of learning media and methods. The Conference in Melbourne in 1985was only the second such Conference to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and the success of ICDE as well as the generalawareness of the longstanding tradition of Distance Education in Australia, led to anew attendance record of over 700 delegates from some 50 countries. The 14th World Conference of ICDE celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the association and this book constitutes th:-.., basic document of the Conference under the theme "Developing Distance Education". The book contains most of the major presentations and many of the supportingpapers on which the Conference is founded and was planned by the Programme Committee of ICDE which consisted of Dagny Blom (Norway), Helmar Larsson (Sweden), Erling Ljosa (Norway), Marjan Lubbers (Netherlands), Torstein Rekkedal (Norway), Reidar Roll (Norway) and David Sewart (United Kingdom) as Chairm7n. The volume andrange of the papers which have been offered for the conference has necessitated difficult decisions butwe hope that the book may be seen as representative of the wide range of themes and areas of the world whichnow enrich Distance Education. The entire project would have proved impossible without the help of many colleagues. It isa pleasure to acknowledge the support received from Reidar Roll, Janniche Langseth and other staff of the Norwegian Association of Distance Education and in particular Erling Ljosa and his staff in NKS. We are also particularly indebted to Pat Proctor of the Open University whose efforts have kept the whole project on time. Finally we would like to thank the contributors who have provided such varied and interesting papers. Reading such a wealth of contributions has been a rewarding experience and we hope that readers of the book will now be able to share this experience and makeuse in their own work of the variety of ideas and practices in the development of Distance Education to which it isa witness. David Sewart )ohn S. Daniel 5 6 Key-notes 7 7 BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS Yoshiya Abe is Director, Research and Development Division, Natio- nal Institute of Multi -Media Education, 2-Chome, Waka- ba, Chiba-shi, Japan 260 Communications technology YOSHIYA ABE PREFACE: COMMUNICATION, In Germany at the FernUniversitat; in Finland; in TECHNOLOGY AND DISTANCE Norway