Pacific Business Review International Volume 10 Issue 2, August 2017 An Overview of the Production Practices and Trade Mechanism of Saffron in Kashmir Valley (India): Issues and Challenges Dr. Akhter Ali Abstract Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Saffron is an important cash crop of Kashmir valley and the state offers Business School, India a credit of being one of the major saffron producing countries of University of Kashmir, the world, but since last few years the productivity and exports of this J&K, India, crop has virtually shown a declining trend. This research paper looks at available literature with respect to current practices followed in Prof. (Dr.) Iqbal Ahmad Hakim production and trade of saffron in Kashmir valley and highlights the Professor, flaws in these practices and stresses on the need for using modernized Business School, ways for increased production and productivity. It also highlights University of Kashmir, ample scope for maximizing the export of this crop provided the J&K, India, sincere efforts are made through organized way of marketing this product. Keywords: Saffron, Cash crop, Kashmir, Productivity, Exports, Decline, Organized marketing. Introduction Saffron (Crocus sativus Kashmirianus), traditionally known as golden spice is the legendary crop of Kashmir valley of India and covers nearly 4% of the total cultivated region of the valley and delivers approximately 16% of aggregate agricultural income (Anonymous, 2008). Over the past several years, Kashmir has the virtual monopoly of saffron cultivation in the country as a valuable industrial/medicinal product and contributes a lot to its agricultural economy. It is the best quality saffron in the world owing to its rich colour and flavour and has been conventionally associated with the well-known Kashmiri Cuisine and has for times been in good demand (Banarjee, 2009; Chand, 2005).The time at which saffron was introduced to Kashmir-India is not precisely known, although evidences from 'Rajtarangini' written by historian 'Kalhana', indicates its presence in Kashmir even earlier thanthe government of Lalitadatiya during 750 AD. The golden spice known as 'Kum Kum', and 'Kaserin Sanskrit and 'Kung' in Kashmiri language is cultivated especially in arid and semi-arid areas in districts likePulwama(74.64%) comprising Pampore, Balhuma, Wayun, Munpur, Mueej, Konibal, Dus, Zundhur, Letpur, Sombar, Baras, Ladu and Khrew; Badgam (16.13%) comprising Chadura, Nagam, Lasjan, Ompora and Kralpura; Srinagar (6.68%) comprising Zewan, Zawreh and Ganderbal; Doda (2.50%) comprising Poochal, Namil, Cherrad, Huller, Blasia, Gatha, Bandakoota and Sangrambatta, and some areas of Anantnag district comprising Zeripur, Srechan, Kaimouh, Samthan and Buch (Amjad, et al., 2010). Even though successful attempts were made to introduce saffron in temperate areas of other districts like www.pbr.co.in 97 Pacific Business Review International Kishtwar of Jammu region, production has been achieved been reported from some areas of Doda and Udhampur only on a limited scale. However significant success has districts (Munshi, et al., 2002). Table-1 District Wise Area, Production And Productivity of Saffron in J&K District Area (in percent) Production (MT) Pulwama 2346 (74.64) 4.41 (7.12) Budgam 507 (16.13) 1.27 (22..88) Srinagar 210 (06.68) 0.38 (05.54) Doda 80 (02.50) 0.20 (02.91) Source: (Directorate of Agriculture, Jammu and Kashmir Division) In Kashmir, saffron is grown in uplands (termed in the local slightly alkaline with pH ranging from 6.3 to 8.3 and with dialect as 'Karewas'), which are lacustrine deposits located electrical conductivity between 0.09 and 0.30 dsm-1 (Nazir, at an altitude of 1585 to 1677 m above mean sea level (amsl), et al., 1996; Ganai, et al., 2000; Ganai, 2002). Higher yields under temperate climatic conditions (Kanth, et al., 2008). coincide with higher pH values (Shinde, et al., 1984). The soils are heavily textured with silty clay loam as the In Kashmir valley the total area under saffron crop predominant texture in upper horizons and silty clay in production is around 3063 hector with an annual production lower horizons. The soils are well drained and calcareous in of nearly 11.2 (MT) and productivity level of (2.71 nature with average organic carbon and calcium carbonate kgs/hect.). contents of 0.35% and 4.61% respectively. The soil is Table-2 Ye ar wise Production and Productivity of Saffron in J&K Year Production (MT) Productivity (Kgs/hect.) 2010-11 9.85 2.52 2011-12 9.97 2.56 2012-13 10.03 2.60 2013-14 10.47 2.62 2014-15 10.83 2.65 2015‐16 11.20 2.71 Sources: (Financial Commissioner R evenue, Jammu & Kashmir; Directorate of Agriculture, Jammu and Kashmir Division; Spices Board India) With the current production and the annual productivity terms of production and eighth in terms of productivity level, saffron is the one of the largest agro-oriented business (Kgs/hect.) of saffron. activity in the region and ranks Kashmir-India second in Table-3 Global Saffron Scenario (Year 2015) Country Area (hect.) Production (MT) Productivity (Kgs/hect.) Iran 47000 238 5.06 India (J&K) 3785 11.20 2.71 Greece 1000 4.30 4.30 Azerbaijan 675 3.70 5.48 Spain 600 5.70 7.84 Afghanistan 600 3.00 5.00 Marocco 500 1.00 2.00 Turkey 100 0.40 4.00 Italy 29.4 0.24 6.16 Source: (Government sites of Agriculture departments of the countries discussed in table) This is evident from the data that with high share in global area of production as a result of the adoption of substandard area of production, the saffron exported from Kashmir-India methods for its production and unorganized marketing to non-producing countries of the world is much lower than techniques used for its export. other saffron producing countries with less share in global Table-4 Global Saffron Export Scenario (Year 2015) Country Export (% of Production) Iran 80% India (J&K) 3.9% Greece 5% Spain 32% 98 www.pbr.co.in Volume 10 Issue 2, August 2017 Azerbaijan 10% Afghanistan Marocco Turkey Italy 4% Source: (Government sites of Agriculture departments of the countries discussed in table) Hence the methods of production and export techniques are more than15 years leading to saffron corm decomposition considered a key to the success of Kashmiri saffron trade. (46%). The unsorted corms are further planted without Therefore it is very important to adopt a universal attitude in sorting on the basis of weight and size resulting in to low a mission mode to cover all the aspect related to its saffron productivity (2.50 kg/ha) and fetching low economic production and export problems. This will have a big impact returns. Panday, et al., (1979); Sadeghi, (1983) through their on farmer’s income and will result in establishment of studies in Kashmir-India revealed a positive relationship Kashmiri saffron as a brand. between size of the corm and number of flowers per corm and weight of corm and the bulk of flowers per corm. The The literature available on production practices of saffron findings were further validated by the studies of Behnia, and its trade mechanism related to export is limited and (1999) and Munshi, et al., (2002), who found that corms of researchers have partially investigated the problem. This smaller sizes do not flower in first year, while as corms of research paper sheds light on the possible literature available longer sizes (longer than 2.5 cm) flower more easily. Further related to production methods and export perspective of the study of Nehvi, et al., (2008) revealed that corm saffron and highlights the flaws of the adoption of weighing 1-2 grams do not flower in first year, while as substandard methods of saffron production and corms weighing more than 10 grams flower earlier with ineffectiveness of the existing marketing channels linked to better yield. In Kashmir-India farmers prefer substandard its trade from Kashmir-India. Further it gives an corms weighing 8 grams in weight and 2cm in size for understanding of the issues and challenges faced by people sowing resulting in low flower yield and thus shrinking per directly linked to this Industry from the point of produce till acre productivity of saffron (Nehvi, 2004). In addition to its availability to its end users. Hence the main objective of this, the number of corms sown per unit area in Kashmir- current study is to critically evaluate the avenues already India is much lower than Khorasan (Iran) resulting in to less explored by previous researchers on production practices plant population and accordingly low productivity (Hassan and trade mechanism of saffron for better understanding of and Shah, 2002). For Example in Kashmir-India, 40-50 the effectiveness of the adoption of efficient and adequate corms are sown per unit area compared to 150-250 corms methods for its sustainable production and appropriate being sown in Khorasan (Iran). Furthermore the frequency marketing channels for its export. The research work is of corms hill being sown with respect to depth is also a based on the data obtained from secondary sources like determent factor for its productivity. Study of Amjad, et al., journals and periodicals, magazines, official records of state (2010) revealed that in Kashmir (India) a single corm hill is and central government, records of department of being sown at a depth of 10-15 centimeters compared to 10- horticulture J&K state, revenue records of Jammu & 15 corms hill being sown at a depth of 15-20 centimeters in Kashmir government etc. depth in Khorasan (Iran). This could be an important reason Production Practices of Saffronin Kashmir valley for low yield of the Saffron crop in Kashmir valley-India.