NHPP 4DI: Places of Worship Twentieth-Century Roman Catholic Church Architecture in England A Characterisation Study NHPP 4DI: Places of Worship Twentieth-Century Roman Catholic Church Architecture: A Characterisation Study Prepared for English Heritage by The Architectural History Practice Limited July 2014 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 5 PART ONE: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ENGLAND 1900-2000 ...................... 7 1. CHURCH STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 7 1.1. The Holy See ........................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Provinces and dioceses ........................................................................................ 8 1.3. Parishes ................................................................................................................ 8 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................... 10 2.1. 1850-1900 .......................................................................................................... 10 2.2. 1900-39: The Church Triumphant ..................................................................... 11 2.3. 1945-65: Post-war expansion ............................................................................. 13 2.4. 1965-2000: The Second Vatican Council and beyond ....................................... 14 3. LITURGY AND ARCHITECTURE ................................................................ 16 3.1. The legacy of the Council of Trent ...................................................................... 16 3.2. The search for the Primitive .............................................................................. 18 3.3. Post-war consolidation and the Winds of Change ............................................ 22 3.4. The Second Vatican Council and aftermath ...................................................... 25 4. CHURCH BUILDING AND DESIGN IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ........ 29 4.1. The distinctiveness of Catholic church design .................................................. 29 4.2. The basilican model ............................................................................................ 31 4.3. The persistence of Gothic .................................................................................. 36 4.4. Arts and Crafts ................................................................................................... 40 4.5. Church furnishing 1900-50 ............................................................................... 42 4.6. Towards the Modern: Church design and furnishing 1940-62 ........................ 45 4.7. The Second Vatican Council and beyond .......................................................... 52 PART TWO: THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ESTATE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TODAY .............................................................................................. 61 5. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ENGLAND IN 2014 ...................................... 61 5.1. General statistics and trends ............................................................................. 62 6. BUILT HERITAGE AND THE DRIVERS FOR CHANGE ..............................64 6.1. Quantifying the heritage of Catholic parish churches ....................................... 64 6.2. Designation: Statutory ....................................................................................... 65 6.3. Designation: Local listing .................................................................................. 68 6.4. Assessing completeness ..................................................................................... 70 6.5. Trends in liturgy and architecture ..................................................................... 70 6.6. Making changes to parish churches: procedure and guidance ......................... 72 6.7. Pressures for change .......................................................................................... 73 6.8. The state of the fabric of the Catholic heritage.................................................. 74 6.9. Church closure ................................................................................................... 75 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...................................................................................... 77 SOURCES .......................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX 1: GAZETTEER............................................................................... 80 APPENDIX 2: TWENTIETH-CENTURY CATHOLIC TIMELINE ....................... 125 1 APPENDIX 3: CATHEDRALS .......................................................................... 127 Metropolitan Cathedral of the Most Precious Blood, Westminster ................. 127 Cathedral of St Anne, Leeds ............................................................................ 130 Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King, Liverpool ..................................... 133 Rebuilding of the Metropolitan Cathedral of St George, Southwark ................ 137 Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate and St Thomas of Canterbury, Northampton .................................................................................................. 138 Cathedral Church of St Peter and St Paul, Clifton, Bristol ............................... 139 Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Helen, Brentwood ...................................141 Cathedral Church of St Mary, Middlesbrough ................................................. 145 2 ILLUSTRATIONS Front cover: Peter Anson drawing of St Peter, Gorleston, from Fashions in Church Furnishing, 1960 Figure 1: Statue of St Peter, Basilica of St Peter, Rome Figure 2: J. F. Bentley, Westminster Cathedral, 1895-1903 (AHP) Figure 3: Roman Catholic Dioceses in England and Wales, 1850 (from Beck, 1950, 438) Figure 4:Cyril Farey’s perspective for Lutyens’ Metropolitan Cathedral, Liverpool http://www.liverpoolmetrocathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/the-second-cathedral/ Figure 5: A. G. Scott, SS Mary and Joseph, Poplar, East London, 1951-4 (AHP) Figure 6: St Charles Borromeo, by Giovanni Figino, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Figure 7: Giles Gilbert Scott, St Alphege, Bath, 1925 Figure 8: F. X. Velarde, English Martyrs, Wallasey, 1952-3 (AHP) Figure 9: Frederick Gibberd, Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, opened 1967 Figure 10: W. C. Mangan, English Martyrs, Reading, 1925-6 (AHP) Figure 11: Benedict Williamson, St Boniface, Tooting, 1907, with elaboration of 1927 (AHP) Figure 12: T. H. B. Scott, Our Lady and St Joseph, Waltham Cross, 1931 (AHP) Figure 13: Reynolds & Scott, St Peter in Chains, Blackburn, 1954-6 (AHP) Figure 14: Arthur Farebrother & Partners, Our Lady of Dolours, Kersal, 1964 (AHP) Figure 15: Anthony Delarue, Corpus Christi, Tring, 1998-99 (AHP) Figure 16: F. A. Walters, St Anne Vauxhall, 1900-02 (AHP) Figure 17: Arthur Young, St Edmund of Canterbury and English Martyrs, Old Hall Green, Hertfordshire, 1911 (AHP) Figure 18: Gothic swansong: Sir Giles Gilbert Scott’s Christ the King, Plymouth, Figure 19: H. S. Goodhart-Rendel, Holy Trinity, Dockhead, London, Figure 20: Modern Gothic: Michael Blee’s completion (left) of Douai Abbey church, Berkshire, 1992-3 (AHP) Figure 21: Leeds Cathedral, perspective drawing by J. H. Eastwood, 1901 Figure 22: Dom Paul Bellot, Quarr Abbey, Isle of Wight, 1907-14 Figure 23: Arthur Langdon, St Cuthbert Mayne, Launceston, Cornwall, 1911 (AHP) Figure 24: One of Eric Gill’s Stations of the Cross, Westminster Cathedral, 1914-18 (http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/tour_stations.php) Figure 25: F. B. Peacock, Sacred Heart and St Catherine of Alexandria, Droitwich, 1921-2, with mosaics by Gabriel Pippett (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 26: Dom Constantine Bosschaerts, Christ the King, Cockfosters, North London, 1940 Figure 27: Pascal J. Stienlet & Sons, Our Lady and St Columba, Wallsend, Tyne & Wear, 1957 Figure 28: F. X. Velarde, St Luke, Pinner, North London, 1957 (AHP) Figure 29: The Lady Chapel, Notre Dame de France, Leicester Place, London, photo c1980 Figure 30: Gerard Goalen, Our Lady of Fatima, Harlow, Essex, 1958-60 (AHP) Figure 31: Gabriel Loire’s Baptism window, St Richard of Chichester, Chichester, Sussex, 1958 Figure 32: St Mary, Failsworth, Greater Manchester, by Tadeusz Lesisz of Greenhalgh & Williams, 1961-4 (Salford Diocesan Archives) Figure 33: Weightman & Bullen, St Mary, Leyland, Lancashire, 1962-4 (AHP) Figure 34: Opening of Desmond Williams & Associates’ St Augustine, Manchester, 1968 (reredos by Robert Brumby) (Salford Diocesan Archives) Figure 35a and b: Derek Walker, Holy Family, Pontefract, Yorkshire, opened 1964 (AHP) 3 Figure 36: Modern townscape 1: Richard O’Mahony, St Michael and All Angels, Birkenhead, Wirral, 1964-5 (AHP) Figure 37: Modern townscape 2: T. E. Wilson, St Joseph, Leicester, 1967-8 Figure 38: Ellis Williams Partnership, Holy Spirit, Runcorn, Cheshire, 1971 (AHP) Figure 39: Brentwood Cathedral, Essex, interior, from Catholic Building Review, 1974, p.13 Figure 40: Percy Thomas Partnership, Clifton Cathedral, Bristol, opened 1973 (AHP) Figure 41: Quinlan Terry, Brentwood Cathedral, Essex, opened 1991 Figure 42: Plater, Inkpen, Vale & Downie, Our Lady and St George, Walthamstow, E. London, 1995-6 (AHP) Figure 43: Dioceses of England and Wales, 2014