Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific PALERMO PALERMO IN THE POANC TIFHICE: PACIFIC RIM ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES 1 IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION r e b m u N : S E I R E S Y D U T August 2009 S 2 Palermo on the Pacific Rim 3 PALERMO ON THE PACIFIC RIM ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION Andreas Schloenhardt The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law The University of British Columbia Centre of International Relations kindly supported by: 4 About the author Dr Andreas Schloenhardt Andreas Schloenhardt is Associate Professor/Reader at The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law in Brisbane, Australia; Visiting Professor at the Centre of International Relations at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and Adjunct Professor at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California. His principal areas of research include criminal law, organised crime, narco- trafficking, terrorism, international criminal law, and immigration and refugee law. His recent works focuses on trafficking in persons, organised crime legislation, the illicit trade in timber and timber products, and the illicit market for amphetamine-type stimulants. His work has been cited by other scholars, in government publications, and judicial decisions, including the High Court of Australia. He is a frequent commentator on organised crime and criminal law on national television, radio, and in newspapers. Palermo on the Pacific Rim 5 Table of Contents PALERMO ON THE PACIFIC RIM ............................................................................. 3 ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION ......................... 3 About the author...................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 5 Foreword ............................................................................................................... 10 Abbreviations......................................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 12 Executive Summary............................................................................................... 15 PART 1 19 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND CONTEXT ............................................... 19 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 20 1.1 Background and Significance ................................................................. 20 1.2 Purpose and Structure............................................................................ 22 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................... 23 2. Criminalising Organised Crime: The Need for Special Laws .................. 25 2.1 Existing Extensions of Criminal Liability ................................................. 26 2.1.1 Inchoate liability ................................................................................. 28 2.1.2 Secondary liability.............................................................................. 29 2.1.3 Conspiracy......................................................................................... 30 2.2 Case Examples ...................................................................................... 34 2.2.1 Alphonse Capone .............................................................................. 34 2.2.2 Pablo Escobar.................................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Nicolo Rizzuto.................................................................................... 35 2.2.4 Joaquín Guzmán................................................................................ 36 2.2.5 Foot-soldiers ...................................................................................... 36 2.3 Reservations and Observations ............................................................. 37 PART 2 39 INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................................................. 39 3 Convention against Transnational Organised Crime .............................. 40 3.1 Background ............................................................................................ 41 3.1.1 Giovanni Falcone............................................................................... 41 3.1.2 Naples Conference on Organised Transnational Crime, 1994 .......... 41 3.1.3 Development of the Palermo Convention .......................................... 42 3.2 Definition of Organised Criminal Group.................................................. 44 3.2.1 Structured group of three or more persons........................................ 45 3.2.2 Existence for some period of time...................................................... 46 3.2.3 Aim to commit serious crime.............................................................. 46 3.2.4 Financial or material benefit............................................................... 47 3.3 Organised Crime Offence, Article 5(1)(a) ............................................... 49 3.3.1 Article 5(1)(a)(i): the conspiracy model .............................................. 51 3.3.2 Article 5(1)(a)(ii): the participation model ........................................... 52 3.3.3 Remarks............................................................................................. 54 PART 3 56 DOMESTIC LAWS.................................................................................................... 56 4 Canada.................................................................................................... 57 4.1 Background of Canada’s Organised Crime Laws................................... 58 4.1.1 Bill C-95 (1997).................................................................................. 59 4.1.2 Bill C-24 (2001).................................................................................. 62 4.2 Criminal Organisations ........................................................................... 63 4.2.1 A group of three or more persons in or outside Canada, s 467.1(1)(a) ........................................................................................................... 65 6 4.2.2 Facilitating or committing of one or more serious offences, s 467.1(1)(b) ...................................................................................... 66 4.2.3 Material benefit, s 467.1(1)(b)............................................................ 67 4.3 Relevant Offences .................................................................................. 68 4.3.1 Participation in activities of criminal organisation, s 467.11(1) .......... 69 4.3.2 Commission of offence for criminal organisation, s 467.12(1) ........... 71 4.3.3 Instructing commission of offence for criminal organisation, s 467.13(1)......................................................................................... 73 4.4 Bills C-14 and C-15, 2009 ...................................................................... 76 4.5 Observations and Remarks .................................................................... 77 5 New Zealand........................................................................................... 81 5.1 Former s 98A Crimes Act 1961 (NZ), 1997-2002................................... 81 5.2 Section 98A Crimes Act 1961 (NZ), 2002–2009 .................................... 83 5.2.1 Organised criminal group................................................................... 83 5.2.2 Participation offence .......................................................................... 86 5.2.3 Observations...................................................................................... 88 5.3 Gangs and Organised Crime Bill 2009 ................................................... 89 6 Australia .................................................................................................. 92 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 92 6.1.1 Organised crime in Australia: A snapshot.......................................... 92 6.1.2 Criminal law in Australia..................................................................... 93 6.2. New South Wales ................................................................................... 94 6.2.1 Crimes Legislation Amendment (Gangs) Act 2006............................ 94 6.2.2 Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2009 .......................... 104 6.3 Queensland .......................................................................................... 110 6.3.1 Organised criminal group................................................................. 110 6.3.2 Participation in an organised criminal group .................................... 111 6.3.3 Further remarks ............................................................................... 114 6.4 South Australia ..................................................................................... 115 6.4.1 Declared organisations .................................................................... 116 6.4.2 Control orders .................................................................................. 119 6.4.3 Criminal association offences .........................................................