Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC ) Forced Migration in the OIC Member Countries: Policy Framework Adopted by Host Countries COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE October 2016 Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC ) Forced Migration in the OIC Member Countries: Policy Framework Adopted by Host Countries COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE October 2016 This report has been commissioned by the COMCEC Coordination Office to the Migration Policy Insitute (MPI). The authors of the report are Mrs. Kathleen Newland, Mrs. Susan Fratzke, Ms. Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan, Mr. Demetrios G. Papademetriou, Mr. Brian Salant and Mr. Paul Clewett. Views and opinions expressed in the report are solely those of the authors and do not represent the official views of the COMCEC Coordination Office or the Member Countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Excerpts from the report can be made as long as references are provided. All intellectual and industrial property rights for the report belong to the COMCEC Coordination Office. This report is for individual use and it shall not be used for commercial purposes. Except for purposes of individual use, this report shall not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including printing, photocopying, CD recording, or by any physical or electronic reproduction system, or translated and provided to the access of any subscriber through electronic means for commercial purposes without the permission of the COMCEC Coordination Office. For further information please contact: COMCEC Coordination Office Necatibey Caddesi No:110/A 06100 Yücetepe Ankara/TURKEY Phone: 90 312 294 57 10 Fax: 90 312 294 57 77 Web: www.comcec.org TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ iii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................6 1. A GLOBAL PICTURE OF FORCED MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION ....................................................................................................8 1.1. Global Forced Migration Trends and Drivers ............................................................................. 8 1.2. The Basics of International Protection: The Refugee Convention and Nonrefoulement ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1. Refugee protection under international law........................................................................................ 12 1.2.2. Non-refugee forced migrants: The mismatch between protection in law and needs in practice ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.3. The International Protection Regime: Robust in Practice? ................................................ 16 1.3.1. Gaps in protection at the national level ................................................................................................. 16 1.3.2. Practical capacity to provide protection ................................................................................................ 17 1.4. Consequences of Forced Displacement and the Protection Regime ............................... 19 2. FORCED MIGRATION IN AND FROM OIC COUNTRIES ......................................................... 21 2.1. Forced Migration in OIC Countries: An Overview .................................................................. 21 2.2. Forced Migration in the Middle East ........................................................................................... 24 2.2.1. Migration Dynamics in the Middle East ................................................................................................. 25 2.2.2. Protection frameworks in the Middle East ........................................................................................... 29 2.3. Forced Migration in North Africa ................................................................................................. 30 2.3.1. Migration dynamics in North Africa ........................................................................................................ 31 2.3.2. Protection frameworks in North Africa ................................................................................................. 33 2.4. Forced Migration in West Africa .................................................................................................. 34 2.4.1. Migration dynamics in West Africa .......................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2. Protection frameworks in West Africa ................................................................................................... 39 2.5. Forced Migration in East Africa .................................................................................................... 41 2.5.1. Migration dynamics in East Africa ........................................................................................................... 42 2.5.2. Protection frameworks in East Africa ..................................................................................................... 46 2.6. Forced Migration in Central Asia ................................................................................................. 49 2.6.1. Migration dynamics in Central Asia ......................................................................................................... 50 2.6.2. Protection frameworks in Central Asia .................................................................................................. 54 i 2.7. Forced Migration in Southeast Asia ............................................................................................ 56 2.7.1. Migration dynamics in Southeast Asia ................................................................................................... 56 2.7.2. Protection frameworks in Southeast Asia ............................................................................................. 58 2.8. Resettlement and Onward Flows: Forced Migration Beyond the Immediate Response Region ......................................................................................................... 61 2.8.1. Extensive formal protection frameworks in onward destinations ............................................ 61 2.8.2. Major migration pathways from OIC member countries towards third countries of asylum ............................................................................................................................. 62 2.8.3. Resettlement: Another path to the West ............................................................................................... 64 2.9. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... 65 3. COUNTRY CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 67 3.1. TURKEY ................................................................................................................................................. 68 3.1.1. The Scale and Profile of Forced Migrants .............................................................................................. 69 3.1.2. Legal Frameworks for Forced Migrants ................................................................................................. 72 3.1.3. Poverty Alleviation Efforts .......................................................................................................................... 76 3.1.4. Conclusions and Assessment of Impacts of Forced Migration ..................................................... 83 3.2. JORDAN .................................................................................................................................................. 88 3.2.1. The Scale and Profile of Forced Migrants .............................................................................................. 89 3.2.2. Legal Frameworks for Forced Migrants ................................................................................................. 93 3.2.3. Policies with an Impact on Poverty Alleviation .................................................................................. 97 3.2.4. Conclusions and Assessment of Impacts of Forced Migration .................................................. 107 3.3. Morocco ............................................................................................................................................... 109 3.3.1. The Scale and Profile of Forced Migrants ........................................................................................... 110 3.3.2. Legal Frameworks for Forced