By , Claire Mills, Resettlement scheme for locally Melanie Gower 10 September 2021 employed civilians in Afghanistan Summary 1 Background – The British military presence in Afghanistan 2 Ex-gratia redundancy and resettlement policy 3 Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy (ARAP) 4 Relocation in the UK: immigration considerations commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number 9286 Resettlement scheme for locally employed civilians in Afghanistan Image Credits Afghanistan market by David Mark. Licensed by Pixabay – no copyright required. Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. 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If you have general questions about the work of the House of Commons email [email protected]. 2 Commons Library Research Briefing, 10 September 2021 Resettlement scheme for locally employed civilians in Afghanistan Contents Summary 4 1 Background – The British military presence in Afghanistan 8 1.1 Employment of local Afghan civilians 10 2 Ex-gratia redundancy and resettlement policy 12 2.1 Intimidation policy 13 2.2 Criticisms of the scheme 14 2.3 Revision of the ex-gratia scheme 16 3 Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy (ARAP) 18 3.1 The impact of coalition withdrawal from Afghanistan 19 3.2 Revisions to the ARAP 23 3.3 Evacuation from Afghanistan 24 4 Relocation in the UK: immigration considerations 26 4.1 Immigration Rules requirements 26 4.2 The relocation process: roles and responsibilities 29 4.3 How many people have been relocated to the UK? 32 3 Commons Library Research Briefing, 10 September 2021 Resettlement scheme for locally employed civilians in Afghanistan Summary The UK has had a military presence in Afghanistan since October 2001. First as part of the US-led Operation Enduring Freedom (the UK’s Operation Veritas) and then as part of the International Security Assistance Force (Operation Fingal/Herrick). In October 2014, the UK withdrew all combat troops from Afghanistan and the UK’s role transitioned to one of training and support under NATO’s Resolute Support Mission (Operation Toral). During Operation Herrick (2003-2014) the UK employed approximately 7,000 local Afghans to assist British forces in overcoming language and cultural barriers and to help them forge relationships with local communities in areas they were deployed in. Of those 7,000 locally employed civilians, 2,850 worked as interpreters and translators for British forces on the frontline, largely in Helmand province. Some of these people are entitled to relocation in the UK, or elsewhere in Afghanistan, and financial support. Ex-gratia redundancy and resettlement scheme In December 2012, the UK Government announced the withdrawal of British combat forces and shortly afterwards established an ex-gratia redundancy and resettlement scheme for locally employed civilians. To be eligible, individuals had to be in post working directly for the UK Government on 19 December 2012 and had to have served more than 12 months. Those whose employment ended before this date, had resigned, or were dismissed for disciplinary reasons, were not eligible. Resettlement in the UK was also only available to local staff, including interpreters, that had worked in “particularly dangerous and challenging roles in Helmand”. At that time, it was estimated that around 1,200 local staff would qualify for a redundancy package, and around half of those people would be eligible for resettlement in the UK. The UK also operated an intimidation policy for locally employed civilians who faced threats to their safety, regardless of their role or length of service. Under this policy various support measures were available to local staff, including funded relocation within Afghanistan, and in the most serious of cases, resettlement in the UK. The ex-gratia scheme and the intimidation policy were widely criticised, however. The criteria for eligibility of the ex-gratia scheme were labelled as 4 Commons Library Research Briefing, 10 September 2021 Resettlement scheme for locally employed civilians in Afghanistan “arbitrary” by MPs, Peers and ex-military chiefs, and the scheme was criticised for failing to take account of those who may have resigned because of safety fears. The focus of the intimidation policy on relocation within Afghanistan was also questioned. Revisions to the scheme Acknowledging that the eligibility criteria for resettlement in the UK were inadequate, revisions were made in 2018, and again in October 2020. Under the revised scheme individuals are now eligible for relocation if they have been made redundant, or resigned, on or after 1 May 2006 and had 12 months or more continuous service on the frontline in Helmand. Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy In December 2020 increasing instability and insecurity in Afghanistan prompted the UK Government to announce a new scheme that would replace the intimidation policy from 1 April 2021. Whereas the previous policy only provided for relocation to the UK “in the most serious cases”, the Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy will now offer relocation to any current or former employees who face intimidation or threat to life because of their employment by the UK Government. The scheme will operate indefinitely and run alongside the ex-gratia scheme until November 2022, when that scheme closes. Relocation was not initially offered to people who had been dismissed from employment or were based outside of Afghanistan. Both decisions were widely criticised, particularly by senior ex-military personnel. Impact of coalition withdrawal Shortly after the ARAP scheme was announced, the UK Government confirmed that, in line with the United States and NATO, all remaining British service personnel in the country would withdraw by 11 September 2021. The withdrawal of international forces has, however, been accompanied by the launch of a major Taliban offensive against Afghan Government forces. Since mid-July 2021 the Taliban has taken control of significant areas of the country, including strategic supply routes, border crossing and a number of provincial capitals. On 15 August Kabul was captured and Afghan President, Ashraf Ghani, left the country. The security situation on the ground has increased concerns over those locally employed civilians, and their families, who remain in Afghanistan. On 1 June 2021, the UK Government announced that applications through the ARAP would be expedited. In August, the MOD confirmed that eligibility for 5 Commons Library Research Briefing, 10 September 2021 Resettlement scheme for locally employed civilians in Afghanistan relocation would now also apply to those dismissed for minor administrative offences, and that applications could be made from a third country. The Government’s decisions reflect that of the United States, which has accelerated its own relocation programme. In early July 2021 the US administration confirmed that existing applicants for relocation considered at risk would be now be moved to a third country while their applications are processed. The US decision led to calls from campaign groups for other coalition nations to follow suit. In early June 2021 the Taliban issued a statement suggesting that interpreters and others who worked for coalition forces had nothing to fear, if “they show remorse”. However, many Afghans continue to fear Taliban reprisals for their role in assisting coalition forces. Taliban fighters have reportedly been conducting house to house searches looking for former coalition employees and have executed several former interpreters. Deployment of British military personnel The UK Government has consistently maintained that it would review its plans for the ARAP scheme should there be “a rapid deterioration in the security situation in Afghanistan”. On 12 August the Ministry of Defence confirmed that 600 military personnel would deploy to Afghanistan to assist in the evacuation of diplomatic staff and other British nationals in the country and to assist with the acceleration of the ARAP scheme. The Government has said that over 8,500 people were evacuated under the ARAP scheme under the August evacuation operation. Relocation in the UK The ex gratia and ARAP schemes offer relocation in the UK to eligible Afghans and their pre-existing partners and minor dependent