A History of Roman Literature Charles Thomas Cruttwell A History of Roman Literature Table of Contents A History of Roman Literature...............................................................................................................................1 Charles Thomas Cruttwell.............................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................9 BOOK I.....................................................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER I. ON THE EARLIEST REMAINS OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE.......................................12 APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................20 CHAPTER II. ON THE BEGINNINGS OF ROMAN LITERATURE......................................................21 CHAPTER III. THE INTRODUCTION OF GREEK LITERATURELIVIUS AND NAEVIUS (240−204 B.C.)...........................................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER IV. ROMAN COMEDYPLAUTUS TO TURPILIUS (254−103 B.C.).................................29 CHAPTER V. ROMAN TRAGEDY (ENNIUSACCIUS, 239−94 B.C.).................................................37 CHAPTER VI. EPIC POETRY. ENNIUSFURIUS (200−100 B.C.).......................................................44 CHAPTER VII. THE EARLY HISTORY OF SATIRE (ENNIUS TO LUCILIUS). 200−103 B.C..........47 CHAPTER VIII. THE MINOR DEPARTMENTS OF POETRYTHE ATELLANAE (POMPONIUS AND NOVIUS, CIRC. 90 B.C.) AND THE EPIGRAM (ENNIUSCATULUS, 100 B.C.)............................................................................................................................................................51 CHAPTER IX. PROSE LITERATUREHISTORY. FABIUS PICTORMACER (210−80 B.C.)..........54 APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER X. THE HISTORY OF ORATORY BEFORE CICERO.........................................................63 CHAPTER XI. OTHER KINDS OF PROSE LITERATURE, GRAMMAR, RHETORIC, AND PHILOSOPHY (147−63 B.C.)....................................................................................................................75 BOOK II. THE GOLDEN AGE. FROM THE CONSULSHIP OF CICERO TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS (63 B.C.−14 A.D.).............................................................................................................................80 PART I. THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD...................................................................................................................80 CHAPTER I. VARRO.................................................................................................................................80 APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................87 CHAPTER II. ORATORY AND PHILOSOPHYCICERO (106−43 B.C.)..............................................91 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................104 CHAPTER III. HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL COMPOSITIONCAESARNEPOSSALLUST. .................................................................................106 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................115 CHAPTER IV. THE HISTORY OF POETRY TO THE CLOSE OF THE REPUBLICRISE OF ALEXANDRINISM LUCRETIUSCATULLUS. ................................................................................116 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................131 PART II. THE AUGUSTAN EPOCH (42 B.C.−14 A.D.).....................................................................................133 CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.....................................................................................133 CHAPTER II. VIRGIL (70−19 B.C.)........................................................................................................139 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................149 CHAPTER III. HORACE (65−8 B.C.)......................................................................................................153 CHAPTER IV. THE ELEGIAC POETSGRATIUSMANILIUS. ........................................................162 CHAPTER V. PROSE−WRITERS OF THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD......................................................172 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................180 BOOK III. THE DECLINE. FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS TO THE DEATH OF M. AURELIUS (14−180 A.D.)......................................................................................................................183 CHAPTER I. THE AGE OF TIBERIUS (14−37 A.D.)............................................................................183 CHAPTER II. THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO (37−68 A.D.)......................189 CHAPTER III. THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO...........................................202 i A History of Roman Literature Table of Contents A History of Roman Literature CHAPTER IV. THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO...........................................209 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................212 CHAPTER V. THE REIGNS OF THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS (A.D. 69−96)......................................213 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................221 CHAPTER VI. THE REIGNS OF VESPASIAN, TITUS, AND DOMITIAN (A.D. 69−96)..................225 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................234 CHAPTER VII. THE REIGNS OF NERVA AND TRAJAN (96−117 A.D.)..........................................237 CHAPTER VIII. THE REIGNS OF HADRIAN AND THE ANTONINES (117−180 A.D.)..................248 CHAPTER IX. STATE OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS THOUGHT DURING THE PERIOD OF THE ANTONINESCONCLUSION. ................................................................................257 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................262 FOOTNOTES............................................................................................................................................276 APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................342 ii A History of Roman Literature Charles Thomas Cruttwell This page copyright © 2003 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • PREFACE. • INTRODUCTION. • BOOK I. • CHAPTER I. ON THE EARLIEST REMAINS OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. • APPENDIX. • CHAPTER II. ON THE BEGINNINGS OF ROMAN LITERATURE. • CHAPTER III. THE INTRODUCTION OF GREEK LITERATURELIVIUS AND NAEVIUS (240−204 B.C.). • CHAPTER IV. ROMAN COMEDYPLAUTUS TO TURPILIUS (254−103 B.C.). • CHAPTER V. ROMAN TRAGEDY (ENNIUSACCIUS, 239−94 B.C.). • CHAPTER VI. EPIC POETRY. ENNIUSFURIUS (200−100 B.C.) • CHAPTER VII. THE EARLY HISTORY OF SATIRE (ENNIUS TO LUCILIUS). 200−103 B.C. • CHAPTER VIII. THE MINOR DEPARTMENTS OF POETRYTHE ATELLANAE (POMPONIUS AND NOVIUS, CIRC. 90 B.C.) AND THE EPIGRAM (ENNIUSCATULUS, 100 B.C.). • CHAPTER IX. PROSE LITERATUREHISTORY. FABIUS PICTORMACER (210−80 B.C.). • APPENDIX. • CHAPTER X. THE HISTORY OF ORATORY BEFORE CICERO. • CHAPTER XI. OTHER KINDS OF PROSE LITERATURE, GRAMMAR, RHETORIC, AND PHILOSOPHY (147−63 B.C.). • BOOK II. THE GOLDEN AGE. FROM THE CONSULSHIP OF CICERO TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS (63 B.C.−14 A.D.). • PART I. THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD. • CHAPTER I. VARRO. • APPENDIX. • CHAPTER II. ORATORY AND PHILOSOPHYCICERO (106−43 B.C.). • APPENDIX. • CHAPTER III. HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL COMPOSITIONCAESARNEPOSSALLUST. • APPENDIX. • CHAPTER IV. THE HISTORY OF POETRY TO THE CLOSE OF THE REPUBLICRISE OF ALEXANDRINISM LUCRETIUSCATULLUS. • APPENDIX. • PART II. THE AUGUSTAN EPOCH (42 B.C.−14 A.D.). • CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. • CHAPTER II. VIRGIL (70−19 B.C.). • APPENDIX. • CHAPTER III. HORACE (65−8 B.C.). A History of Roman Literature 1 A History of Roman Literature • CHAPTER IV. THE ELEGIAC POETSGRATIUSMANILIUS. • CHAPTER V. PROSE−WRITERS OF THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD. • APPENDIX • BOOK III. THE DECLINE. FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS TO THE DEATH OF M. AURELIUS (14−180 A.D.) • CHAPTER I. THE AGE OF TIBERIUS (14−37 A.D.). • CHAPTER II. THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO (37−68 A.D.). • CHAPTER