STEAM BOILERS A PRACTICAL AND AUTHORITATIVE DISCUSSION OF BOILE R D E GN AND C N RUC ON AND T HE D E E LOP SI O ST TI , V ME NT OF MOD E RN TY PE S REV ISED BY . E . R BE R H KUS M . O T S , C O NSU L TING MECH ANICAL ENGINEER F O M LY L M D MO O I O O M P Y H I O R ER SA ES ANAGER , E GE R R N C AN , C CAG AMERICAN SO CIETY O F MECH ANICAL ENGINEERS ILL USTRA TE D AME RICA N TE CHNICAL SOCIE TY CHICAGO 1 9 19 Copyright 1917 1919 AME RICA N TE CHN ICA L SOCIE TY Copyrighted in Great Britain All Rights Reserved INTRODUCTIO N “ TE M oi er a ou som e m es ca e th S A b l , lth gh ti ll d e heart of the ” an is rea a u and un n er n pl t , lly d ll i t esti g machine to the a era e m an . one ere to s a o er an he oul v g If w vi it big p w pl t, w d probably b e first ushered into a clean engine room and shown the Corliss engine with its trim and stately lines or the stocky steam ur ne of a aren s er cons ru c on e en n u on a t bi pp tly impl t ti , d p di g p wh t ’ k n of a r o r h n i d p ime m ve t e pla t possessed . At first thought the uninitiated layman might think that he had seen the best part of the an the w se m an o e er oul now a ere was pl t ; i , h w v , w d k th t th another power behind this mechanical throne and he would ask h r ro H r h to b e shown to t e boile om . e e e woul d find a long line of boilers trembling with the energy pent up within them and with the res un ernea roar n os o nous r n fi d th i g m t mi ly . Afte seei g the mechanical stokers mysteriously carry the fu el to the fires with au o a c re u ar a c in the di a s of a e er n num er t m ti g l ity, w t h g l b wild i g b of a es and ear n the a en an discourse on the r ues of the g g , h i g tt d t vi t superheaters which increase the temperature and pressure of the e s ea he oul e n to a e a o eso e res ec for ese liv t m , w d b gi h v wh l m p t th n o ers and ou rea i e ore c ear e r or ant func on di gy b il w ld l z m l ly th i imp t ti . ea o ers are at eas as old as the s ea en ne s f S ! e q t m b il l t t m gi it l , and since the first boiler was conceived there have been many In n s ressur no t o changes. days whe team p es did t exceed w pounds er s uare nc cer a n e o s of cons ru c on ere er ss e p q i h, t i m th d t ti w p mi ibl , b ut at the present time when steam pressures are often carried as as 150 to 250 oun s er s u are nc the s r c es a en on high p d p q i h , t i t t tt ti u s b e a to e er r n e ai of es n and cons ruc on m t p id v y t ifli g d t l d ig t ti , in n N o s an n the order to i sure safety of the stru cture. twith t di g enormous increase in the size of our industrial plants and the corre s ondin n crease in the nu er of o er orse o er re u re the p g i mb b il h p w q i d , actu al design of the modern boiler has not changed materially w in T he sec ona ea has een carr e out ith the last few years . ti l id b i d to a point where a boiler plant 18 merely a combination of a number of uni s the ac u a num er of uni s e n e erm ne the s e t , t l b t b i g d t i d by iz of th o er es r e b il d i ed . q The aim of this little volum e is to cover in a very practical manner and yet with sufficient detail the m ethods of constru ction of the cu es of o ers the ro er es n of the a er a s diffi lt typ b il , p p t ti g m t i l use the e o s of r e n and s a n and na l a carefu d , m th d iv ti g t yi g, fi l y l discussion of the difficult types of stationary and marine boilers n i h of the u is ers a the s c o the market . It s t e hope p bl h th t impli ity of style and the freedom of involved technical discussions will a ea pp l to the readers. BOILER INSTALLATION WITH AMERICAN ST OKERS AT PLANT O F KIRKMAN K N EW Y RK AND SO N , BRO O LY , N O ew Courtesy of Combustion E ngineering Corporation, N York CO NTENTS ‘ PART 1 CONSTRUCTION O F BOILERS PAG E BOILER MATERIALS o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Standard testing regulations . BOILER MANUFACTURING PRO CE SSE S Riveted j oints . i Types of . Calking . Welded j oints Arrangements of plates and j oints M anholes Location Handholes Stays . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Loa on d stay bolts . Areas of segments of heads to b e stayed Boiler tub es and flu es ac n of u Sp i g t bes . Types of tubes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CONTENTS PAGE BOILER RE !UIREMENTS i rs Factors in designing b o le . Boiler horsepower . n General requireme ts . Water evaporation per pound of fuel Boiler rating Steam space . n ur a Heati g s f ce . Allowable pressure Furnace flues Boiler inspection during m anufacture PART II TYPES O F BO ILERS MODERN FLUE BOILERS C r o nish b oiler. Path of !h ot gases n f n n Taki g care o expa sio . h r r Lancas i e b oile . — — - - Horizontal two flue internally fired . w b i r Gallo ay o le . — — — Horizontal two-flu e mternally-fired Galloway tubes T wo FIRE - TUBE BOILERS Comm on horizontal type rt c Ve i al type . - Single tube boiler . - Throu gh tube boilers . Fire- b ox Locomotive boilers r r Stationa y boile s . - — R eturn tubular fire b ox boiler Cochrane vertical boiler r Shapley boile . Brady Scotch boiler D irecturn CONTENTS PAG E WATE R-TUBE BOILERS Horizontal types . Babcock and Wilcox Root . 0 0 0 0 0 E rie City . Hazelton or Porcupine MARINE BOILER TYPE S Rectangular types - r Wet and dry bottom boile s . - r M arine water tub e b oile s . Comparison with cylindrical typ e . o n s ea s s Standard boiler U . S. wo de t m hip Almy boiler . Variations from standard types BOILE R D E SIGN Importance of good c irculation Efiectiveness of heating surfac es Acc s b e si ility . n f Replaceme t o tubes .