A RESOURCE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICITY For American Industrial Arts Education with Implications for Teacher Education A DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfil latent of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio Stete University by WILLIAM L J I H M DECK, D.S., M.A. Southwest Texas State Teachers College San Marcos, Texas THE OHIO STATa UNIVERSITY 1955 Approved by: Adviser Department of Educntion rtidf/ci; The commercialisation of the phenomenon of electricity haa assumed amaBing proportions. The original presentation of lighting and telephone displays occurred only sixty yearn ago at the Columbian imposition in Chicago in 1893* Teas than 50 million dollars was spent for electrical equipment and service of all types during the year of 1900. This mushroomed to two billion dollars by 19^0 and the current figure i» approximately twenty billion doilrre annually. Such data oannot be ignored by those engaged in American public education, and especially by those in industrial arts education. The question of whet to do about this problem has been accepted by this dissertation. Its organization and development have been designed especially to answer most of the questions thnt should be resolved by the industrial arts profession. The names of many students of this subject should be acknowl­ edged because the writer has been engrossed with t.h ' problem for some twenty years and has had the very real privilege of working directly with those in industry. Chief among the above is f’rofeusor Lawrence C. Scorest of the Industrial Arts electrical Laboratory in the State Teachers College at LeKalb, Illinois. The writer is also keenly appreciative of the discerning guidance provided by his grad­ uate major adviser. Dr. William L. Warner and by the other members of the consdttee. Hr. aarl V. Anderson and Lr. Andrew Hendrickson. J u ly 1 3 . 1955 WIiiLIAM JuUTu-.Ji Oi*GX 11 Chapter PREFACE I. MATURE oy 'im Dili; :JtiA'i'lOli.................... Mature of Electricity -Tolution Phases Terminology Assumptions Scope and Limitations Impact on Industry Iapact on the Individual Impact on Education Statement of the Problem Research Techniques Employed II. l.I^CxuIJITY IB EARLY H M t K .... The Heavy Hand of Superstition ■Discovery and liaea of Magnetism Development of static Electricity evolution of Current Electricity III. XLKCTHICIfl IN HOlAUiN TIMES The Generation of Electricity Industrial Usee of Electricity Domestic Uses of electricity Medical Uses of Electric! ty Electricity in national l>efence Electricity in the future IV. Till'. RESOURCE STUDY OP ELECTRICITY Characteristics Magnetism The Electron Theory Voltage Current Cells Conductors Measurement Circuits Condensers Inductance Chmntar -ranaformera Relays Svltohes Itynanoa Transmission Rectifiers Annotated Bibliography .......... ......... V. iiAiUik A41L SCOP* OS’ Itfi)US*RlA*. ART! LDUG/TIOK . Derivation of a Statement of Position Resulting Objectives or i'unotiona Basic Programs or Scope of industrial Arts VI. SLSCTHICm IN vH~ INDUSTRIAL Arf' S CUHnlCULUM . The kleoentary School The Secondary School Atypical Caaea Technical Barela Recreational Groupa Adult Intaraat8 Service Fields v i i . u m j m c o t is U vD u s t r i a *. aius; i'-.ACHRh. iD-jCAxioa . Situation in the State* and Colleges essentials of the ±hree degrees Basic laboratory aquipaent VIII. SUM AnY A.Ni) COjCLUSIOBS ............................. Findings of the hasource Study Recommendations 1. Inatructlonal Units 2. A Companion Dissertation 3. Administrative Officers k. Teacher ducation 5. Organised dfcperlmentation 6 . The Literature 7. Refresher end In-Service Ireining B. The Industry Itaelf SkLi.CT.iD BIBj.IO(iKA?!lY............................... AU'TQB I03RAPKT Chapter 1 HAi'URj-. Qi '£Rt. i^SAkiVU'IOk 1'his is a resource and program type of research. It focuses upon the electrical phase of the American t«chnolo(y with general reference to its impact upon nan and society, and with special refer­ ence to what should be done about it by industrial arts education. l‘he industrial development of electricity Is of only very recent origin, but in the short space of a half century has now become almost universal. It is a necessity in present day society that every individual know the intelligent application of it. It is in agriculture aB well as industry, in the arts as well as the sciences, in medicine and health as well as the home, and in manufacture and transportation as well hr communication. In the future it may take its place in relieving more human ills, i'oday, it is possible for some industries to produce their product com­ pletely with electrical tools and fuitoroatic controls, i'he surround­ ings of the home cen be lighted automatically by a narrow beam of light. Windows in the home can be closed automatically as a rain storm ap roaches. I'he school subject of industrial arte education has been defined by Bonser (B, p. 5)« Wilber (86 , p. 2) and nany others, as referring to thoee phases of general education which deal with industry: its tools, materials, processes, products and personnel, and with the problems that result from the interaction of these 1 basic elements. *he leaders of industrial arts have been concerned to interpret the technology not only me retards its production, but its corsumption too, hence this study. HATdlii Oi KL'C'fKlCll'Y Kleetricity was vaguely perceived over the centuries. It still cennot bo defined, but man has learned to use the charged particles of the atom, 'fheee particles, called electrons, were found to have tremendous effects. Ibis now phenomenon produced heat, motion, light, and chemical effects after it was brought under control. fhe sooed of the electron is approximately 186 thousand miles por second. An electric current is the flow or movement of elec­ trons. -ho opposition or resistance offered by the atoms of a conductor results in heat or light, ihe flow of an electrio current through r conductor produces mmiy invisible lines around it called magnetic lines of force. Vheae magnetic linns of force produce the magnetic effect when a conductor is colled about itself, i'his magnetic effect produces motion. Chemical change is created when an electric current Is passed through an electrolyte or a liquid that conducts an electric current, 'l’his effect will store electrons, purify metals, or deposit one metal on another. Power is developed when f large number of electrons arc placed in motion, ihis is accomplished by turning a series of coils of wire in a strong mag­ netic field. 3 Kvouri’ioij 1‘his new phenomenon, electricity, hem become a slave to every man, woman, and child. It developod In the five stages noted bolow. f’he first of these la superstition. Superstition. 1‘hi B phase began long before the observation of fhales and continued to the close of the Civil bar. ihe weight of superstitions about magnetism and electricity caused progress to be slow, Ahey were gradually' analyzed and discarded by experlmeota- tion. Jtocuerl mental. This period began with the observation of fhales 6bO-5**6 B.C. He was the first to dany thnt the attractive force of amber was supernatural powor. He was the first to attempt to explain why it attracted straw and other material, ihe greatest vigor In experimentation wan exe:rted during th^ eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By the letter uart of the nirrteenth century tho foun­ dation of electricity was established. Ir. this ;>«riod, electricity wab generated ny water power, bmall motors supplied jower for machines by transmitted electricity. Blectric railroads were es­ tablished. ihe incandescent light was developed and the first commercial electric power became practical. Industrial, ihe "Jumbo* generators and the engineering feats of Sprague and others attracted industries in the letter part of the nineteenth century. By the early part of the twentieth century electricity was favored by industry more than any other type of u energy as a nource of power, ihib I'ovtRe:,; developed in ail major industries of the world, fhe new power created flexibility in industries. It aided the standardization of parts, and reduced the coot of production. Mieon and Westinghoune organirod oleotrionl engineers for production of electrical goods end machines. Domestic. i'his phnee ntartod in the It tter part of the nine­ teenth century, but made its grenteet growth after the depression of 192 V. Batterlea at first supplied electrical power for street and hone lighting. ihia proved to be too expensive and was discontinued, 'ihe discovery of new materials and techniques made electricity avail­ able for domestic and industrial use. msi-s ‘ihe superstition phase ia identified with many outstanding beliefs about arber, lodestone, and lightning. For example, many believed that the rttractivo power of amber vac pu iern*ttiral. 'ihe ifomr.n prieBte wore the Snmothrecier rings in religious worship. Many belieAred the lodestones contained souls fallen from heaven, ihe belief that lightning was the wrath of the Uode prevailed for centuries, ihere was a long enduring belief that the diamond, and the odor of garlic and onions would destroy the power of the magnet. It wan believed that powdered lodestone mixed with nettle Juice would reduce fat. ‘i’hose and other superstitions will be enlarged upon in Chapter II. ^iperstitiona caused some challenge and a smell number made experiments to test them. 1‘hiu phase is identified by a tremendously largo number of experimenters that were important in developing the new phenomenon into a science. These experiments began with the obser­ vation of ihales, the Qreek philosopher of 6BO-5U6 B.C. Saint Augustine discovered that amber would attract straw and paper but not iron, and that the lodestone attracted aetal or iron only. The Chinese developed the magnetic compass Rnd it gradually made its way into -Europe.