AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2640, pp. 1-24, figs. 1-36, tables 1-3 January 3, 1978 The Bionomics and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genus Protepeolus (Anthophoridae, Nomadinae) JEROME G. ROZEN, JR.,' KATHLEEN R. EICKWORT,2 AND GEORGE C. EICKWORT3 ABSTRACT Protepeolus singularis was found attacking cells numerous biological dissimilarities. The first in- in nests of Diadasia olivacea in southeastern Ari- star Protepeolus attacks and kills the pharate last zona. The following biological information is pre- larval instar of the host before consuming the sented: behavior of adult females while searching provisions, a unique feature for nomadine bees. for host nests; intraspecific interactions of fe- First and last larval instars and the pupa are males at the host nesting site; interactions with described taxonomically and illustrated. Brief host adults; oviposition; and such larval activities comparative descriptions of the other larval in- as crawling, killing the host, feeding, defecation, stars are also given. Larval features attest to the and cocoon spinning. In general, adult female be- common origin of Protepeolus and the other havior corresponds to that of other Nomadinae. Nomadinae. Cladistic analysis using 27 characters Females perch for extended periods near nest of mature larvae of the Nomadinae demonstrates entrances and avoid host females, which attack that Isepeolus is a sister group to all the other parasites when encountered. Females apparently Nomadinae known from larvae, including Pro- learn the locations of host nests and return to tepeolus, and that Protepeolus is a sister group to them frequently. This may account for the high the Nomadinae excluding Isepeolus. Because of rate of cell parasitism (47%) in five nests ex- this and because larval Isepeolus and Protepeolus cavated by the authors. Females oviposit in open differ in numerous autapomorphic features, Ise- cells and hide their eggs in the cell walls as do all peolus is placed in its own tribe, the Isepeolini, Nomadinae. As this is considered to be an auta- new tribe. pomorphic feature of the Nomadinae, Protepeo- Appended is a brief account distinguishing the lus and the other Nomadinae are believed to have four larval instars of the host, Diadasia olivacea. had a common parasitic ancestor in spite of INTRODUCTION The Anthophoridae contain more cleptopara- how many times cleptoparasitism evolved among sitic bees than any other family of the Apoidea, these taxa and what their interrelationships are in terms of number of species, genera, and tribes. because of numerous convergences of adult Systematists have had difficulty in determining features that attended the development of clep- 'Deputy Director for Research and Curator of Hymenoptera, the American Museum of Natural History. 2Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 'Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Copyright ©The American Museum of Natural History 1978 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $1.75 AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2640, pp. 1-24, figs. 1-36, tables 1-3 January 3, 1978 The Bionomics and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genus Protepeolus (Anthophoridae, Nomadinae) JEROME G. ROZEN, JR.,' KATHLEEN R. EICKWORT,2 AND GEORGE C. EICKWORT3 ABSTRACT Protepeolus singularis was found attacking cells numerous biological dissimilarities. The first in- in nests of Diadasia olivacea in southeastern Ari- star Protepeolus attacks and kills the pharate last zona. The following biological information is pre- larval instar of the host before consuming the sented: behavior of adult females while searching provisions, a unique feature for nomadine bees. for host nests; intraspecific interactions of fe- First and last larval instars and the pupa are males at the host nesting site; interactions with described taxonomically and illustrated. Brief host adults; oviposition; and such larval activities comparative descriptions of the other larval in- as crawling, killing the host, feeding, defecation, stars are also given. Larval features attest to the and cocoon spinning. In general, adult female be- common origin of Protepeolus and the other havior corresponds to that of other Nomadinae. Nomadinae. Cladistic analysis using 27 characters Females perch for extended periods near nest of mature larvae of the Nomadinae demonstrates entrances and avoid host females, which attack that Isepeolus is a sister group to all the other parasites when encountered. Females apparently Nomadinae known from larvae, including Pro- learn the locations of host nests and return to tepeolus, and that Protepeolus is a sister group to them frequently. This may account for the high the Nomadinae excluding Isepeolus. Because of rate of cell parasitism (47%) in five nests ex- this and because larval Isepeolus and Protepeolus cavated by the authors. Females oviposit in open differ in numerous autapomorphic features, Ise- cells and hide their eggs in the cell walls as do all peolus is placed in its own tribe, the Isepeolini, Nomadinae. As this is considered to be an auta- new tribe. pomorphic feature of the Nomadinae, Protepeo- Appended is a brief account distinguishing the lus and the other Nomadinae are believed to have four larval instars of the host, Diadasia olivacea. had a common parasitic ancestor in spite of INTRODUCTION The Anthophoridae contain more cleptopara- how many times cleptoparasitism evolved among sitic bees than any other family of the Apoidea, these taxa and what their interrelationships are in terms of number of species, genera, and tribes. because of numerous convergences of adult Systematists have had difficulty in determining features that attended the development of clep- 'Deputy Director for Research and Curator of Hymenoptera, the American Museum of Natural History. 2Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 'Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Copyright ©The American Museum of Natural History 1978 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $1.75 AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2640, pp. 1-24, figs. 1-36, tables 1-3 January 3, 1978 The Bionomics and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genus Protepeolus (Anthophoridae, Nomadinae) JEROME G. ROZEN, JR.,' KATHLEEN R. EICKWORT,2 AND GEORGE C. EICKWORT3 ABSTRACT Protepeolus singularis was found attacking cells numerous biological dissimilarities. The first in- in nests of Diadasia olivacea in southeastern Ari- star Protepeolus attacks and kills the pharate last zona. The following biological information is pre- larval instar of the host before consuming the sented: behavior of adult females while searching provisions, a unique feature for nomadine bees. for host nests; intraspecific interactions of fe- First and last larval instars and the pupa are males at the host nesting site; interactions with described taxonomically and illustrated. Brief host adults; oviposition; and such larval activities comparative descriptions of the other larval in- as crawling, killing the host, feeding, defecation, stars are also given. Larval features attest to the and cocoon spinning. In general, adult female be- common origin of Protepeolus and the other havior corresponds to that of other Nomadinae. Nomadinae. Cladistic analysis using 27 characters Females perch for extended periods near nest of mature larvae of the Nomadinae demonstrates entrances and avoid host females, which attack that Isepeolus is a sister group to all the other parasites when encountered. Females apparently Nomadinae known from larvae, including Pro- learn the locations of host nests and return to tepeolus, and that Protepeolus is a sister group to them frequently. This may account for the high the Nomadinae excluding Isepeolus. Because of rate of cell parasitism (47%) in five nests ex- this and because larval Isepeolus and Protepeolus cavated by the authors. Females oviposit in open differ in numerous autapomorphic features, Ise- cells and hide their eggs in the cell walls as do all peolus is placed in its own tribe, the Isepeolini, Nomadinae. As this is considered to be an auta- new tribe. pomorphic feature of the Nomadinae, Protepeo- Appended is a brief account distinguishing the lus and the other Nomadinae are believed to have four larval instars of the host, Diadasia olivacea. had a common parasitic ancestor in spite of INTRODUCTION The Anthophoridae contain more cleptopara- how many times cleptoparasitism evolved among sitic bees than any other family of the Apoidea, these taxa and what their interrelationships are in terms of number of species, genera, and tribes. because of numerous convergences of adult Systematists have had difficulty in determining features that attended the development of clep- 'Deputy Director for Research and Curator of Hymenoptera, the American Museum of Natural History. 2Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 'Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Copyright ©The American Museum of Natural History 1978 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $1.75 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2640 toparasitism. It has