Heikki Isohanni 1.10.2018 PRO GRADU THESIS MYTHOLOGY MARCHES TO MODERNITY Y KAI IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN Centre for East Asian Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Turku The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Centre for East Asian Studies/Faculty of Social Sciences ISOHANNI, HEIKKI: Mythology Marches to Modernity - in Contemporary Japan Pro Gradu Thesis, 90 p., 3 p. appendices East Asian Studies October 2018 Abstract: are a class of Japanese folklore creatures that have crept to the fame of Japanese popular culture. Their past and cultural relevance has been researched intensively, but little is studied of their place in contemporary society. This thesis, using the foundation laid by folklorists and scholars of past and today, will present how are viewed by the modern Japanese and how their standing has changed from Edo-period ghost stories to modern media platforms. The research was done using both present literature and fieldwork done in Japan. From these findings it can be said that folklore and cultural belief surrounding have indeed changed, but still there exists a vast space of imagery and narratives suited for a more modern audience. also reflect the society itself, as seen from emerging new types of narratives that exhibit problems and fears stemming from modern society. Keywords: Yokai, monster, folklore, popular culture, Japanese society, Japan TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 1: WHA ................................................................................... 8 THE Y SPECTRUM ......................................................................................................... 9 BEHIND THE WORD ............................................................................................................11 Y INCIDENTS, ENTITIES, DEPICTIONS .................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2: THE MARCH OF THE MONSTERS .....................................................19 THE CULTURE OF Y .................................................................................................... 19 FROM EDO TO MEIJI HISTORY OF Y KAIDAN ....................................................21 Y THE STUDY OF Y ................................................................................ 24 Y ....................................................................................................................28 CHAPTER 3: GHOSTBUSTING UNDER THE RISING SUN .....................................31 PRESENTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE .....................................................................................32 RESULTS ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................34 FIELDWORK CONTINUED: MINGLING WITH THE LOCALS ....................................................41 IN THE STREETS, SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS ......................................................................45 CHAPTER 4: DEMONS IN THE PARADE .................................................................... 51 MONSTERS OR DEMONS .....................................................................................................52 ONI IN THE FIELD ............................................................................................................... 55 FROM AN INSULT TO POP CULTURE THE CASE OF HINOMOTO ONIKO ............................. 58 CHAPTER 5: MODERN MONSTERS ............................................................................61 MODERN KAIDAN HORROR IN CINEMA AND COMICS ....................................................... 62 THE BIRTH OF MODERN Y .......................................................................................... 65 ERO GURO AND EDO-KAIDAN THE BIRTHING PITS FOR MODERN MONSTERS ...................71 MODERNITY AND FOLKLORE ..............................................................................................75 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................79 THE HAUNTING MODERNITY ..............................................................................................79 THE MARCH CONTINUES .................................................................................................... 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 83 APPENDICES .....................................................................................................................88 Introduction Japanese mythology is rife with terminology and words regarding the paranormal and the entities therein. Monsters and apparitions that appear in Japanese folklore vary from the mundane to ones of almost deified status. In reference to this supernatural world, the term in popular culture in both domestically and internationally in this past decade. Anyone who frequently consumes Japanese popular culture, either natives or foreign consumers, will inevitably encounter this term. Moreover, has silently crept into Japanese soft power, often being at the mercy of translators who surely struggle when deciding whether to use the original Japanese word itself or to try to search for an equivalent in the target language. Eventually as in my case the term appears so What inspired me to research this topic for my thesis was not that question, but rather what transpired after I decided to look into the definition in more detail. Translators and dictionaries often render the word with vague descript type of Japanese monster barely substitutes as an answer and often creates more questions. What constitutes as a ? What is and, most importantly, what is not a part of that definition? Before consulting online sources such as Wikipedia, I asked a few Japanese acquaintances to explain the term for me, to acquire a native understanding of it. What surprised me was the amount of variation in definitions I heard, some contradictory and some vague, to the extent that when I further questioned some of my respondents, I received confessions that they were not completely confident in their original answers. The result led me to question the knowledge of in Japanese society and the status of this age-old term. At the same time, the Japanese landscape and media were brimming with or characters clearly inspired by the mythology, be that in cartoons, comics or even mascots in tv-shows. Additionally, urban legends and other modern forms of tradition namedrop and refer to motifs and settings used in stories of older tradition, some deeply connected to older culture. I therefore determined that a vast culture of has become so commonplace in daily life that the populace may not be aware of, or has forgotten, its origin. During my research it became clear that is defined differently by academics and laymen. For example, in folkloristics, have been amply studied in folkloristics with particular attention to its more specialized offshoot gaku ( studies). Additionally, vast records of old stories and traditional aspects of in Japan can be found. One aspect that receives less attention, however, is the relevance of ai on modern society and popular culture. Nevertheless, it is highly likely that most modern Japanese people have come in contact with in some regard. Such exposure may have come through academic texts, tradition or other means of popular culture. While the academic world and gaku have defined after extensive scrutiny, a point I will explain later in my text, I planned to research how far the definition extends to the minds of the general populace of Japan. For this I planned my own fieldwork in Japan to investigate how the modern Japanese view, practice and apply their mythology and folklore. Additionally, I will establish how the concept of has changed over time. What interests me in particular is how the Japanese society, distinguished by being modern and scientifically advanced, still practices old customs and folk beliefs. Such practices may be in the form of large-scale events like festivals (matsuri), oral tradition or usage of folk imagery, such as statues or wall scrolls. My focus will be on the newer generations of Japanese youth, those in vogue all over the country. I am interested in investigating how do these people become the audience of this transforming tradition. My thesis will start off by introducing the , the old culture around them and the triangle of interaction between , the vernacular and academia. In the beginning chapters I will review the literature related to and previously conducted research to demonstrate how they were seen in the past societies, after which I will focus on my own research and fieldwork done to study the role of on modern Japanese society. Laying the foundation of what are supports the introduction of my fieldwork and subsequent results and analysis. Lastly for this introduction, a brief explanation for my conventions in translation and usage of Japanese words: For the romanization of Japanese language, I will be using the modified Hepburn romanization, which is the most commonly used romanization system. For Japanese names I will be using the proper