WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT: ARE THEY BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING? HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION APRIL 22, 2002 Serial No. 107–170 Printed for the use of the Committee on Government Reform ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/congress/house http://www.house.gov/reform U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 85–484 PDF WASHINGTON : 2003 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM DAN BURTON, Indiana, Chairman BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, New York HENRY A. WAXMAN, California CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, Maryland TOM LANTOS, California CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut MAJOR R. OWENS, New York ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida EDOLPHUS TOWNS, New York JOHN M. MCHUGH, New York PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania STEPHEN HORN, California PATSY T. MINK, Hawaii JOHN L. MICA, Florida CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York THOMAS M. DAVIS, Virginia ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, Washington, MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana DC STEVEN C. LATOURETTE, Ohio ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland BOB BARR, Georgia DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio DAN MILLER, Florida ROD R. BLAGOJEVICH, Illinois DOUG OSE, California DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois RON LEWIS, Kentucky JOHN F. TIERNEY, Massachusetts JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia JIM TURNER, Texas TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania THOMAS H. ALLEN, Maine DAVE WELDON, Florida JANICE D. SCHAKOWSKY, Illinois CHRIS CANNON, Utah WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri ADAM H. PUTNAM, Florida DIANE E. WATSON, California C.L. ‘‘BUTCH’’ OTTER, Idaho STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts EDWARD L. SCHROCK, Virginia ——— JOHN J. DUNCAN, JR., Tennessee BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont ——— ——— (Independent) KEVIN BINGER, Staff Director DANIEL R. MOLL, Deputy Staff Director JAMES C. WILSON, Chief Counsel ROBERT A. BRIGGS, Chief Clerk PHIL SCHILIRO, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS STEPHEN HORN, California, Chairman RON LEWIS, Kentucky JANICE D. SCHAKOWSKY, Illinois DAN MILLER, Florida MAJOR R. OWENS, New York DOUG OSE, California PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania ADAM H. PUTNAM, Florida CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York EX OFFICIO DAN BURTON, Indiana HENRY A. WAXMAN, California J. RUSSELL GEORGE, Staff Director and Chief Counsel JUSTIN PAULHAMUS, Clerk DAVID MCMILLEN, Minority Professional Staff Member (II) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on April 22, 2002 .............................................................................. 1 Statement of: Robertson, Robert E., Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Secu- rity Issues, U.S. General Accounting Office, accompanied by Lori Rectanus; Eileen Appelbaum, Ph.D., professor and director, Center for Women and Work, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University; Christine Stolba, senior fellow, Independent Women’s Forum; and Judy H. Mello, founding member and vice chairwoman, the Committee of 200 ................................................................................... 9 Schieffelin, Allison K., former principal, Morgan Stanley, accompanied by Wayne Outten, attorney at law; Renuka Chander, research man- ager, Office of Membership and Meetings, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Susan Ness, Annenberg Public Policy Center, former Federal Communications Commission Commissioner; and Marie C. Wilson, president, the White House Project ........................ 95 Letters, statements, etc., submitted for the record by: Appelbaum, Eileen, Ph.D., professor and director, Center for Women and Work, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers Uni- versity, prepared statement of ..................................................................... 56 Chander, Renuka, research manager, Office of Membership and Meetings, American Association for the Advancement of Science, prepared state- ment of ........................................................................................................... 105 Horn, Hon. Stephen, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, prepared statement of ................................................................ 3 Maloney, Hon. Carolyn B., a Representative in Congress from the State of New York, prepared statement of ........................................................... 76 Mello, Judy H., founding member and vice chairwoman, the Committee of 200, prepared statement of ...................................................................... 72 Ness, Susan, Annenberg Public Policy Center, former Federal Commu- nications Commission Commissioner, prepared statement of ................... 110 Robertson, Robert E., Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Secu- rity Issues, U.S. General Accounting Office, prepared statement of ........ 12 Schakowsky, Hon. Janice D., a Representative in Congress from the State of Illinios, prepared statement of ...................................................... 6 Schieffelin, Allison K., former principal, Morgan Stanley, prepared state- ment of ........................................................................................................... 99 Stolba, Christine, senior fellow, Independent Women’s Forum, prepared statement of ................................................................................................... 66 Wilson, Marie C., president, the White House Project, prepared statement of ..................................................................................................................... 130 (III) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT: ARE THEY BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING? MONDAY, APRIL 22, 2002 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS, COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM, New York, NY. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 9 a.m., in the New York State Assembly Hearing Room, Room 1923, 250 Broadway, New York, NY, Hon. Stephen Horn (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Representatives Horn, Schakowsky, and Maloney. Also present: Bill Perkins, deputy majority leader, New York City Council, Ninth District. Staff present: J. Russell George, staff director and chief counsel; Bonnie Heald, deputy staff director; Justin Paulhamus, clerk; and David McMillen, minority professional staff. Present from Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney’s staff: Ben Chevat, chief of staff; Minna Elias, New York chief of staff; Phil Craft, New York deputy chief of staff; Orly Isaacson, senior legisla- tive assistant; and Jessica Fox, director of constituent services. Present from Assemblyman Sheldon Silver’s staff: Yvonne Mor- row, director, constituent services. Mr. HORN. A quorum being present, the Subcommittee on Gov- ernment Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations will come to order. This subcommittee has a broad and, thus, diverse jurisdiction. We have examined an array of issues from child support and childcare to computer security and medical privacy. Today, we are here to examine an issue that affects families and the productivity of this Nation. More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Plato wrote, ‘‘Nothing can be more absurd than the practice that prevails in our country of men and women not following the same pursuits with all their strengths and with one mind. For this the state, instead of being whole, is reduced to half.’’ When I was acting chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights for the period 1969 to 1982, we had our colleagues fully sup- port the Equal Rights Amendment. And as you know, it was only missed by one or two votes in the States. Indeed, we are a Nation that is strengthened by our belief in equal opportunity for all Americans; yet, despite the efforts of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, yet despite those efforts, a number of re- (1) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 2 cent studies have found that women are still being paid less than men, even though they are performing equivalent jobs. I welcome our witnesses today, each of whom will discuss this troubling disparity. [The prepared statement of Hon. Stephen Horn follows:] VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 3 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 09:03 Mar 28, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 D:\DOCS\85484.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 4 Mr. HORN. I now ask the ranking member, Ms. Schakowsky, the ranking member from Chicago—and we are delighted to have her here today. Chicago has the wind, New York has the rain. Ms. SCHAKOWSKY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I would really like to also thank Congresswoman Maloney— I am assuming that she will be here soon—for her tireless