Particle - Mirror Particle Oscillations: CP-violation and Baryon Asymmetry Zurab Berezhiani Università di L’Aquila and LNGS, Italy 0 CPT at ICTP, Triest, 2-5 July 2008 n − n oscillations etc ... - p. 1/42 Alice & Mirror World Lewis Carroll, "Through the Looking-Glass" ‘Now, if you’ll only attend, Kitty, and not talk so much, I’ll tell you all my ideas about Looking-glass House. There’s the room you can see through the glass – that’s just the same ● Carrol’s Alice... ● Mirror World as our drawing-room, only the things go the other way... the books are something like our ● Mirror Particles ● Interactions books, only the words go the wrong way: I know that, because I’ve held up one of our books to ● B & L violation ● BBN demands the glass, and then they hold up one in the other room. I can see all of it – all but the bit just ● Present Cosmology ● Visible vs. Dark matter behind the fireplace. I do so wish I could see that bit! I want so to know whether they’ve a fire ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning demonstration ● Unification in the winter: you never can tell, you know, unless our fire smokes, and then smoke comes up ● Neutrino Mixing ● See-Saw in that room too – but that may be only pretence, just to make it look as if they had a fire... ● Leptogenesis: diagrams ● Leptogenesis: formulas ‘How would you like to leave in the Looking-glass House, Kitty? I wander if they’d give you milk ● Epochs ● Neutron mixing in there? But perhaps Looking-glass milk isn’t good to drink? Now we come to the passage: ● Neutron mixing ● Oscillation it’s very like our passage as far as you can see, only you know it may be quite on beyond. Oh, ● Probabilities ● Neutron mixing how nice it would be if we could get through into Looking-glass House! Let’s pretend there’s a ● Experiment ● Oscillation way of getting through into it, somehow ... Why, it’s turning into a sort of mist now, I declare! ● Oscillation ● Oscillation It’ll be easy enough to get through ...’ ● Fifth Forces ● Summary –Alice said this, and in another moment she was through the glass... she was quite pleased to ● Appendix ● Experiment find that there was a real fire in the fireplace... ‘So I shall be as worm here as I was in my ● Experiment ● Experiment room,’ thought Alice: ‘warmer, in fact, there’ll be no one here to scold me away from the fire’. ● Experiment ● Experiment ● Summary CPT at ICTP, Triest, 2-5 July 2008 0 ● Summary n − n oscillations etc ... - p. 2/42 ● Epochs ”Looking-Glass Universe” – Parallel “Mirror” World Broken P can be restored by mirror fermions Lee & Yang ’56 ● Carrol’s Alice... Mirror sector hidden copy of our sector Kobzarev, Okun, Pomeranchuk ’66 ● Mirror World Alice strings A.S. Schwarz’ ?? ● Mirror Particles ● Interactions Mirror dark matter (invisible stars) Blinnikov, Khlopov ’83 ● B & L violation 0 0 0 ● BBN demands SU(3) SU(2) U(1) SU(3) SU(2) U(1) Foot, Lew, Volkas ’91 ● Present Cosmology × × × × × ● Visible vs. Dark matter 0 ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning Two identical gauge factors, G G , with the identical field contents demonstration ×0 0 ● Unification and Lagrangians: tot = + + mix – SU(5) SU(5) , etc . ● Neutrino Mixing L L L L × ● See-Saw ● Leptogenesis: diagrams Can naturally emerge in string theory: O & M matter fields localized ● Leptogenesis: formulas • 0 ● Epochs on two parallel branes with gravity propagating in bulk: e.g. E8 E8 ● Neutron mixing × ● Neutron mixing Exact parity G G0: Mirror matter is dark (for us), but its particle ● Oscillation • ↔ ● Probabilities physics we know exactly – no new parameters! ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment 0 0 0 ● Oscillation Spont. broken parity G G : MW = MW (MW few TeV ) ● Oscillation • ↔ 60 ≥ ● Oscillation Particle spectrum rescaled by ζ = MW /MW ZB & Mohapatra ’95 ● Fifth Forces ● Summary Shadow DM, sterile neutrinos, Machos ZB, Dolgov, Mohapatra ’96 ● Appendix ● Experiment Strong CP and new axion (axidragon) ZB, Gianfagna, Giannotti ’00 ● Experiment SUSY little Higgs – accidental global ZB ’04 ● Experiment U(4) ● Experiment ● Experiment ● Summary CPT at ICTP, Triest, 2-5 July 2008 0 ● Summary n − n oscillations etc ... - p. 3/42 ● Epochs Mirror Sector, Mirror Particles & Mirror Parity SU(3) SU(2) U(1) SU(3)0 SU(2)0 U(1)0 × × × × 0 0 ×0 0 ● Carrol’s Alice... gauge (g, W, Z, γ) gauge(g , W ,Z , γ ) ● Mirror World & Higgs ( ) fields & Higgs ( 0) fields ● Mirror Particles φ φ ● Interactions ● B & L violation 0 0 ● BBN demands quarks (B=1/3) leptons (L=1) | quarks (B =1/3) leptons (L =1) ● Present Cosmology t t 0 0 0 t 0 0 0 t ● Visible vs. Dark matter qL =(u,d) lL =(ν, e) | q =(u ,d ) l =(ν , e ) ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning L L L L L L demonstration 0 0 0 ● Unification uR dR eR | uR dR eR ● Neutrino Mixing ● See-Saw | ^ ^ ^ 0 ^ 0 ● Leptogenesis: diagrams quarks (B=-1/3) leptons (L=-1) | quarks (B =-1/3) leptons (L =-1) ● Leptogenesis: formulas ● Epochs ˜ t ˜ t | 0 0 ˜0 t ˜0 0 0 t ● Neutron mixing q˜R = (˜u, d)R lR = (˜ν, e˜)R q˜R = (˜u , d )R lR = (˜ν , e˜ )R ● Neutron mixing ˜ 0 ˜0 0 ● Oscillation u˜L dL e˜L | u˜L dL e˜L ● Probabilities ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment ● Oscillation ˜ ˜ ∗ ˜ 0 0 0 ˜0 0 ˜0 0∗ 0 ˜0 ● Oscillation Yuk = fLY fLφ + fRY fRφ | Yuk = fLY fLφ + fRY fRφ ● Oscillation − L L ● Fifth Forces ● Summary 0 0 0 0 ● Appendix D-parity: L L , R R , φ φ : Y = Y identical xero copy ● Experiment • ↔ 0 ↔ 0 ↔ ˜0 0 † • ● Experiment M-parity: L R , R L , φ φ : Y = Y mirror (chiral) copy ● Experiment • ↔ ↔ ↔ • ● Experiment ● Experiment ● Summary CPT at ICTP, Triest, 2-5 July 2008 0 ● Summary n − n oscillations etc ... - p. 4/42 ● Epochs Possible interactions between O & M particles (besides gravity) (but also model of mirror gravity can be constructed !) Can be at tree level, or induced by exchange of extra gauge singlet ● Carrol’s Alice... ● Mirror World particles or common gauge fields acting with both O & M particles ... ● Mirror Particles ● Interactions another interesting story ! Z. Berezhiani, Phys. Lett. B 417, 287 (1998) ● B & L violation ● BBN demands ● Present Cosmology these interactions can induce particle mixing phenomena between O & M sectors: ● Visible vs. Dark matter ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning any neutral particle (elementary or composite) can mix its mirror twin demonstration ● Unification exactly degenerate in mass ● Neutrino Mixing ● See-Saw ■ µν 0 Holdom ’86 ● Leptogenesis: diagrams photon - mirror photon kinetic mixing εF Fµν ● Leptogenesis: formulas 0 ● Epochs mirror particles become ”millicharged” Q εQ relative to our photon ● Neutron mixing ∼ ● + − 0+ 0− Neutron mixing positronium - mirror positronium mixing (e e e e ) Glashow ’86 ● Oscillation −→ → ● Probabilities −8 −9 ● Neutron mixing ... but BBN : ε< 10 , CMB+LSS : ε< 10 ● Experiment ■ 0 00 0 00 0 00 ● Oscillation meson - mirror meson mixing: π π , K K , ρ ρ , etc. ● Oscillation 0 − − 0 − ● Oscillation 1 (uγ5u dγ5d)(u0γ5u0 d γ5d0), 1 (dγ5s)(d γ5s0) (∆S = 1) ● Fifth Forces M 2 M 2 ● − − Summary 1 5 5 0 0 ● Appendix analogous to ¯ ... M 2 (dγ s)(dγ s) K K mixing (∆S = 2) ● Experiment −→ − ● Experiment 0 00 0 00 ● Experiment Phenom. limits: M > 10 TeV (π π ), M > 100 TeV (K K ) ● Experiment − − ● Experiment ● Summary CPT at ICTP, Triest, 2-5 July 2008 0 ● Summary n − n oscillations etc ... - p. 5/42 ● Epochs Lepton & baryon number violating interactions 0 ■ neutrino - mirror neutrino mixing (ν ν ) – effective operators : − ● Carrol’s Alice... Z. Berezhiani, R.N. Mohapatra, Phys. Rev. D 52, 6607 (1995) ● Mirror World 1 0 0 0 ● Mirror Particles (lφ)(l φ ) (∆L = 1, ∆L = 1) ● Interactions M ● B & L violation 1 2 1 0 0 2 0 ● BBN demands analogous to (lφ) (∆L = 2), (l φ ) (∆L = 2) ● Present Cosmology M M ● Visible vs. Dark matter – operators that generate neutrino Majorana masses via seesaw mechanism ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning demonstration ● Unification constraints from active-sterile neutrino mixing ● Neutrino Mixing ● See-Saw ■ 0 ● Leptogenesis: diagrams neutron - mirror neutron mixing (n n ) – effective operators : ● Leptogenesis: formulas 0 0 0 − ● Epochs 1 0 5 udd u d d , (∆B = 1, ∆B = 1) ● Neutron mixing M ( )( ) ● Neutron mixing 0 0 0 ● Oscillation 1 2 1 2 0 analogous operators 5 (udd) (∆B = 2), 5 (u d d ) (∆B = 2) ● Probabilities M M ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment generate neutron - antineutron mixing ● Oscillation ● Oscillation ■ hydrogen - mirror hydrogen mixing – effective operators : ● Oscillation ● Fifth Forces 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ● Summary 8 (udde)(u d d e ), (∆B = 1, ∆L = 1; ∆B = 1, ∆L = 1) ● Appendix M ● Experiment 1 2 ● Experiment c.f. operators hydrogen - antihydrogen atom mixing M 8 (udde) ● Experiment −→ ● Experiment ● Experiment ● Summary CPT at ICTP, Triest, 2-5 July 2008 0 ● Summary n − n oscillations etc ... - p. 6/42 ● Epochs BBN demands : was Alice’s guess correct? Mirror particle physics ≡ ordinary particle physics ● Carrol’s Alice... but .... mirror cosmology 6= ordinary cosmology ● Mirror World ● Mirror Particles ■ SM ● Interactions at the BBN epoch, T 1 MeV, g∗ = g∗ = 10.75 ● B & L violation ∼ ± ● BBN demands as contributed by the γ, e and 3 ν species : Nν = 3 ● Present Cosmology ■ 0 ● Visible vs. Dark matter if T = T , mirror world would give the same contribution: ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning eff SM demonstration g∗ = 2 g∗ = 21.5 – equivalent to ∆Nν = 6.14 !!! ● Unification × ● Neutrino Mixing ■ 0 eff SM 4 0 4 If T <T , then g∗ g∗ (1+ x ), x = T /T ∆Nν = 6.14 x ● See-Saw ≈ −→ · ● Leptogenesis: diagrams E.g.