Research Eleanor Barry and Trish Greenhalgh General practice in UK newspapers: an empirical analysis of over 400 articles INTRODUCTION A survey of GPs showed that up to 37% General practice in the UK is facing an are highly likely to leave frontline general unprecedented recruitment and retention practice in the next 5 years.8 Qualitative crisis. The General Practice Forward View1 research studies suggest that one of the Abstract outlined plans to recruit 5000 new GPs and reasons for this is the lack of perceived Background retain an additional 500 by 2020 through value of general practice-based health In the context of the biggest GP workforce crisis national campaigns, retainer schemes, and care by the government, NHS, and the since the NHS began, the alleged negative financial incentives. Despite these efforts, 9 portrayal of UK general practice in the media is media. This not only affects the morale of often cited as a reason for falling recruitment. the number of practising GPs continues to doctors, but also shapes the opinions of decline.2 Research studies (mostly surveys) wider society.9 Aim have explored why recruitment to general To explore how general practice and GPs are A recent Royal College of General depicted in UK national newspapers. practice is at an all-time low. Medical Practitioners survey of medical students students cited: found that they believed that the current Design and setting A thematic analysis of all newspaper articles political environment, newspapers, and mentioning GPs or general practice published • alleged denigration of general practice by online and TV news portrayed general in the UK from late October 2016 to early hospital-based colleagues; practice in a negative way,10 affirming October 2017 was undertaken, along with a previous research.6,8,9 The media is widely sample of articles on hospital medicine. • poor work–life balance; portrayed as depicting an underfunded Method • a stressful working environment, with burnout witnessed on GP rotations;3,4 and specialty in crisis and is engaged in ‘constant Articles were identified through the GP bashing’;6 however, the authors could LexisNexis® Academic UK search engine; • perceived low professional status, relevant titles were tabulated and data find no previous systematic studies of such limited research opportunities, and low extracted. A preliminary coding scheme depictions. was developed through discussion and intellectual stimulation compared with To redress this gap, the authors sought used to categorise data; additional codes hospital specialties.4 and categories were added iteratively as the to review all UK newspaper articles related analysis progressed. to general practice in a 12-month period. Foundation doctors and GP specialist In particular, they wanted to explore how Results trainees recalled being told that they were ‘too articles represented both GPs and the In total, 403 articles on general practice or GPs good’ for general practice when discussing were identified, and 100 on hospital specialists 5 specialty of general practice to the public. or specialties were sampled. Articles depicted future career paths. GP trainees who had UK general practice as a service in crisis, with made a commitment to general practice METHOD low morale and high burnout, and leaving gaps were put off partnership and full-time A thematic content analysis, as outlined by in patient care. The traditional family doctor salaried opportunities through perceived: service was depicted as rapidly eroding through Green and Thorogood,11 was undertaken privatisation and fragmentation, with GPs on a corpus of newspaper stories relating portrayed as responsible for the crisis and the • increasing workloads; resulting negative impact on quality of care. to general practice, along with a smaller Hospital specialties were also illustrated as • low practice morale; and comparative sample about hospital under pressure, but this crisis was depicted as • the high emotional demands of the job.3,6,7 medicine. Content analysis is a systematic being the fault of the government. GP leaders interviewed in the press were usually defending their specialty; hospital doctors were usually E Barry, MRCP, MRCGP, DRCOG, DPhil student; Email: [email protected] sharing their expertise. T Greenhalgh, MD, FRCP, FRCGP, FMedSci, Submitted: 2 July 2018; Editor’s response: Conclusion professor, Nuffield Department of Primary Care 6 August 2018; final acceptance: 7 September Newspaper portrayals of general practice are Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford. 2018. currently very negative. Efforts to influence the Address for correspondence ©British Journal of General Practice media to provide a more balanced perspective of general practice should continue. Eleanor Barry, Nuffield Department of Primary This is the full-length article (published online Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe 15 Jan 2019) of an abridged version published in Keywords Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory print. Cite this version as: Br J Gen Pract 2019; general practice; mass media; primary health Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X700757 care. e146 British Journal of General Practice, February 2019 example, ‘crisis’, ‘negligence’, ‘recruitment’, ‘retirement’, and ‘working conditions’. How this fits in The third step in the analysis was to Negative portrayals of general practice in apply the preliminary coding scheme to the the media have been shown by previous subsequent set of newspaper articles and research to contribute to the current refine the codes as more data were added recruitment and retention crisis in general to the analysis. The same researcher who practice. In this study, just over 400 articles read the previous articles read all articles, from national mainstream newspapers producing a preliminary coding scheme relating to GPs or general practice over a 12-month period were reviewed. These on an Excel spreadsheet, and extracted showed various ways in which general data to populate this. A different researcher practice was depicted in a negative light. read a sample of a fifth of the articles Most commonly, general practice was from each set, that is, general practice described as a specialty in crisis with staff and hospital-based care, and reviewed the shortages, poor accessibility, and inefficient coding of data extracts. Both authors then organisation. GPs were depicted as clinically worked together in the fourth stage of incompetent and lacking in virtues (being the process to organise the codes into depicted, for example, as lazy, uncommitted, and greedy). Work needs to be done to themes through an iterative process until encourage the lay press to convey a more agreement was achieved. Sections of balanced view of general practice and not data were grouped, then cut and pasted blame its current crisis on GPs themselves. collectively into themes; for example, various codes (including mismanagement, accusations, and negligence) were brought together using the overarching theme of approach to coding and synthesising clinical performance. large amounts of data, allowing for both Once the analysis was complete, the description (overview of topics covered) number of articles was tabulated by each and analysis (interpretation).12 The online publication under each theme. Daily and database LexisNexis® Academic, UK Sunday publications (for example, Daily Mail (https://www.lexisnexis.com/ap/academic/ and Mail on Sunday) were combined, as form_news_wires.asp) was used to search it was found that the articles had similar for articles. Key search phrases included perspectives and framings. Results were ‘general practice’, ‘GP’, ‘crisis’, ‘pay’, and organised using reporting guidelines for ‘privatisation’; four different searches were qualitative studies, as outlined by O’Brien undertaken to maximise the number of et al.13 articles included. All titles relating to the primary care system, general practice as RESULTS a specialty, and individual stories on GPs A total of 403 articles on general practice published from October 2016 to October and 100 on hospital-based care were 2017 were extracted. extracted and reviewed. Five main themes A limited search of stories related to emerged from the news articles related to hospital-based specialties was undertaken general practice: to provide a broadly comparative (but smaller) sample. Separate searches were • the workforce crisis; performed using terms such as ‘hospital’, • patient access to general practice; ‘doctor’, ‘crisis’, and ‘pay’ in different • organisation of care; combinations. The first step in the analysis was to gain • GPs’ poor clinical performance; and familiarity with the data. One researcher • GPs’ personal vices (and absence of read through the articles twice, making brief virtues). summary notes on recurring topics and issues in the data. Codes were then identified Table 1 shows the number of articles by from the data, with details of each news theme and newspaper. For each theme, article tabulated into Excel spreadsheets. key differences were found in the hospital This was initially performed for the first dataset. There were striking differences in 100 newspaper articles. Codes were the level of coverage of general practice in constructed through the identification of the different newspapers. The Daily Mail/ recurring topics within the dataset, looking Mail on Sunday (which, at the time of the for in vivo categories (words and phrases study, had