WATER-ENERGY NEXUS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER SERVICES IN LEBANON ENERGY AUDIT OF THE WATER AND WASTEWATER SECTORS This research report was produced through the combined efforts of the IFI team (Nadim Farajalla, Rana El Hajj, Marc Ayoub, Lea Zgheib, Abed Hajj Chehadeh, Francis Hanna and Nay Karam) and the Oxfam team. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Oxfam, IFI and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. Table of Contents List of Figures 5 List of Tables 9 List of Acronyms 10 Executive summary 12 Energy Audit Background 18 Level 1: Walk-Through Survey 18 Level 2: Energy Survey and Analysis 18 Energy Performance Assessment 20 Water Sector 20 Wastewater Sector Walk-Through Surveys and Observations 21 Energy Audit in the Water Sector 23 Section Overview 23 Water Sector 23 Wastewater Sector Analysis (Level 1) 29 Wastewater Sector Analysis (Level 2) 44 Energy Audit in the Wastewater Sector 55 Section Overview 55 Wastewater Sector Walk-Through Surveys and Observations 56 Wastewater Sector Analysis 59 Improving Energy Efficiency through the O&M of Existing Plants 70 Improving Energy Efficiency through Activities Outside of Existing Plants 73 Improving Energy Efficiency through the O&M of Future Plants 74 (those under Tender/in Preparation/in Design) A Quick Look at WWTP Future Projects 77 References 80 Appendix A: Walk-Through Survey 82 Appendix B: Walk-Through Energy Audits (Water Establishments) 84 Appendix C: Walk-Through Energy Audits (Wastewater Facilities/Treatment plants) 176 Appendix D: Level-2 Energy Audit: O&M Guidelines 224 Appendix E1: BWE Sheet – Data Collected from the Establishment (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix E2: BMLWE Sheet – Data Collected from the Establishment (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix E3: NLWE Sheet – Data Collected from the Establishment (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix E4: SLWE Sheet – Data Collected from the Establishment (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix F1: NLWE Top Energy Consumers (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix F2: SLWE Top Energy Consumers (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix F3: BMLWE Top Energy Consumers (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix F4: BWE Top Energy Consumers (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix G: Normalized Pumps Calculation Sheet – All four RWEs (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix J: WWTPs Benchmarking Methodology (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix K: WWTPs Data Collection sheet (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix L: CIP Planned WWTPs in all RWEs (Google drive/Dropbox) 242 Appendix M: WWTPs Efficient Treatment Processes 243 List of Figures Figure 1. Bills distribution per BWE division in 2017 24 Figure 2. Average BMLWE bills distribution per region (2016-18) 26 Figure 3. Average NLWE bills distribution per caza (2016-18) 28 Figure 4. North Lebanon water stations—average energy cost (utility subscription and diesel) 30 between 2016-18 Figure 5. North Lebanon water stations—energy use index average 2016-17 (kWh/m3) 31 Figure 6. North Lebanon water stations—unitary energy cost average 2016-17 (USD/m3) 31 Figure 7. NLWE Standardized Pump Indicators 33 Figure 8. South Lebanon water stations—total energy cost (utility subscription and diesel) 2018 34 Figure 9. South Lebanon water stations—energy use index 2018 (kWh/m3) 35 Figure 10. South Lebanon water stations—unitary energy cost 2018 (USD/m3) 35 Figure 11. Pump matrix with average pump energy indicators in South Lebanon water stations 36 Figure 12. BMLWE water stations—average energy cost (utility subscription and diesel) 2016- 38 18 (LBP) Figure 13. BMLWE water stations—energy use index average 2016-18 (kWh/m3) 38 Figure 14. BMLWE water stations—unitary energy cost average 2016-18 ($/m3) 39 Figure 15. Pump matrix with average pump energy indicators in BMLWE water stations 40 Figure 16. Bekaa water stations—total energy cost 2017 (LBP) 41 Figure 17. Bekaa water stations—energy use index 2017 (kWh/m3) 42 Figure 18. South Lebanon water stations - unitary energy cost 2017 (USD/m3) 42 Figure 19. BWE Standardized Pump Indicator 43 Figure 20. Energy conversion through pumps (graphic from Hamburg Wasser) 46 Figure 21. SLWE pumps’ performance assessment 47 Figure 22. NLWE pumps’ performance assessment 48 Figure 23. BWE pumps’ performance assessment 48 Figure 24. BMLWE pumps’ performance assessment 49 Figure 25. Detailed pumps’ assessment sheets for the audited stations 50 Figure 26. Indicators summary of audited wastewater stations 60 Figure 27. Verification of kWh/PE/year using kWh/(Kg.CODremoved) 62 kWh/(kg.COD.removed) performance for all plants Figure 28. 62 Figure 29. kWh/kg.COD.removed per treatment type 63 Volume I I I: Energy Audit of the Water and Wastewater Sectors 5 Figure 30. Specific energy consumption (kWh/PE/year) in relation to degree of utilization (DU%) 64 Figure 31. Specific energy consumption in relation to DU in: (a) activated sludge plants, (b) 65 activated sludge with trickling filter, and (c) extended aeration. kWh/Kg COD removed vs. PE serviced for all plants Figure 32. 68 Figure 33. List of planned WWTPs at the four RWEs 79 Figure 34. Chamsine water pumping station 84 Figure 35. Jdita water pumping station 86 Loussi water pumping station Figure 36. 88 Ghazze solar pumping station Figure 37. 90 Figure 38. Zahle water treatment plant 92 Figure 39. Qartaba pumping station 94 Figure 40. Akoura pumping station 96 Madiq pumping station Figure 41. 98 Ashrafieh pumping station Figure 42. 100 Figure 43. Qornet El Hamra pumping station 102 Figure 44. Qashqoush pumping station 104 Figure 45. Jeita pumping station 106 Figure 46. Jisr El Qadi pumping station 108 Figure 47. Nabaa El Safa pumping station 110 Figure 48. Reverse osmosis plant Hadath 112 Figure 49. Jamhour pumping station 114 Dayshounieh Baabda water treatment plant Figure 50. 116 Figure 51. Dayshounieh, Metn water treatment plant 118 Figure 52. Bahsas water treatment plant 122 Figure 53. Jisr water pumping station 124 Figure 54. Qobbeh water pumping station 126 Figure 55. Ayrounieh water pumping station 128 Figure 56. Daher El Moghor pumping station 130 Figure 57. Abou Halka pumping station 132 Figure 58. Al Manar Water pumping station 134 Abou Samra water pumping station 136 Figure 59. Figure 60. Jradeh Water pumping station 138 Figure 61. Chekka water pumping station 140 Volume I I I: Energy Audit of the Water and Wastewater Sectors 6 Figure 62. Kousba water treatment plant 142 Figure 63. Kfarhelda water treatment plant 144 Figure 64. Al Oyoun water pumping station 146 Figure 65. Ain Yaacoub Water Pumping Station 148 Figure 66. Al Kadi spring water pumping station 150 Figure 67. Arabi water pumping station 152 Figure 68. Fouar water pumping station 154 Figure 69. Teffahta water pumping station 156 Fakhreddine Water Pumping Station Figure 70. 158 Figure 71. El Buss water pumping station 160 Figure 72. Ras El Ain Water Treatment Station 162 Figure 73. Wadi Jilo water pumping station 164 Figure 74. Yanouh water pumping station 166 Figure 75. Marj El Khookh water pumping station 168 Figure 76. Taybeh water treatment station 170 Figure 77. Taybeh River pumping station 172 Figure 78. Maroun Al Ras station 174 Figure 79. Zahle wastewater treatment plant 176 Figure 80. Iaat wastewater treatment plant 178 Figure 81. Yammouneh wastewater treatment plant 180 Figure 82. Jeb Jannine wastewater treatment plant 181 Figure 83. Saghbine wastewater treatment plant 183 Figure 84. Ablah wastewater treatment plant 185 Figure 85. Ferzol wastewater treatment plant 187 Figure 86. Hammana wastewater treatment plant 189 Figure 87. Hammana wastewater treatment plant 189 Figure 88. Kfarqatra wastewater treatment plant 192 Figure 89. Mokhtara wastewater treatment plant 194 Figure 90. Jbaa wastewater treatment plant 196 Figure 91. Mrosti wastewater treatment plant 198 Figure 92. Baadaran wastewater treatment plant 200 Figure 93. Khraybeh wastewater treatment plant 202 Volume I I I: Energy Audit of the Water and Wastewater Sectors 7 Figure 94. Maaser El Chouf wastewater treatment plant 204 Figure 95. Ghadir wastewater treatment plant 206 Figure 96. Tripoli wastewater treatment plant 211 Figure 97. Chekka Wastewater Treatment Plant 213 Figure 98. Selaata wastewater treatment plant 215 Figure 99. Nabatiyeh wastewater treatment plant 217 Figure 100. Sayneek wastewater treatment plant 219 Figure 101. Tebnin wastewater treatment plant 221 Figure 102. Sour wastewater treatment plant 223 Volume I I I: Energy Audit of the Water and Wastewater Sectors 8 List of Tables Table 1. Pump Energy Indicator at Different Theoretical Efficiencies 20 Table 2. Size Classification of WWTPs Based on De Haas et al. (2018) 22 Table 3. Table 3 Adopted Guide and Target Values for kWh/PE/year per Type and Size 22 (Baumann & Roth, 2008; In Krampe, 2013; De Haas et al., 2018) Table 4. Water and Wastewater Facilities Visited 23 Table 5. BMLWE Medium Voltage EDL Bills (2016-18) 26 Table 6. NLWE Medium Voltage EDL/Kadisha Bills (2016-18) 27 Table 7. NLWE Standardized Pump Indicators 32 Table 8. SLWE Standardized Pump Indicators 36 Table 9. BMLWE Standardized Pump Indicators 40 Table 10. BWE Standardized Pump Indicator 43 Table 11. Target Efficiencies for Pumping Systems (Motor and Pump) 46 Table 12. Estimated Yearly Cost Savings at RWEs for Non-Acceptable Pumping Systems 51 Table 13. Classification of Audited Stations 59 Table 14. Classification of kWh/PE/year according to Size Class 67 Table 15.