A cognitive approach to Japanese locative postpositions ni and de: A case study of spoken and written discourse Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Masuda, Kyoko Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 18:53:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279982 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx)r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 A COGNITIVE APPROACH TO JAPANESE LOC ATIVE POSTPOSITIONS NI AND DE A CASE STUDY OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN DISCOUSRE by Kyoko Masuda Copyright © Kyoko Masuda 2002 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRDADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND TEACHING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2002 UMI Number: 3050351 Copyright 2002 by Masuda, Kyoko All rights reserved. ® UMI UMI Microform 3050351 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. 00x1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Kyoko Masuda entitled A Cognitive Approach to Japanese Locative Postpositions Ni and De: A Case Study of Spoken and Written Discourse and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 7 - Doctor Rudolph C. Troike Date Doctor Carlson L. Arnett- Date ^f^ ^^/c2- Doctor Tsuyoshi Ono Date / , / C^octor Kjtmtjerly A. Jones Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under ny direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. 4]? i. C. Dissertation Director Date Doctor Rudolph C. Troike J STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fijlfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED : / /.. /-. • . ^ 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been written without the support from numerous people. First, I would like to thank Prof Rudolph Troike who has provided me with academic and moral support ever since i came to Tucson in the fall of 1997. 1 still remember his deep insights into languages and I greatly benefited from discussions with him. I appreciate his generous understanding of my intentions to accomplish this dissertation. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Prof Carlee Arnett who encouraged me in my pursuit of Cognitive Grammar at the University of Arizona. I appreciate her steadfast encouragement and eye-opening advice concerning my career and my life. Her passion for Cognitive Grammar has been and will always influence my thoughts in linguistics and pedagogy. 1 am grateful to Prof Tsuyoshi Ono who taught me the importance of looking at natural discourse data for linguistic inquiry. He was always patient and helpful with my frequent visits to his office. 1 would like to thank Prof Kimbery Jones who agreed to ser\e as a committee member in the summer of 2000 and provided invaluable comments through the final stages of my work. I have been inspired by cognitive linguists, especially Kabata Kaori and Toshiyuki Kumashiro. From the time 1 met them in a conference in Stockholm in 1999 they generously shared their own work and provided me with relevant papers. 1 am grateful to the members of the Cognitive Grammar reading group and the members of Japanese linguistics reading group at the East Asian Studies Department. I am also indebted to Shelly Dorsey and Curt Brill who patiently proofread my draft. Thanks to the Japanese language program at the East Asian Studies Department where I worked as a teaching assistant from 1998-2000, and the Linguistic Department where 1 worked as a teaching assistant from 2001-2002. My deepest thanks go to my close friends, Linda Norrix, Rebecca Forgash, Sumru Akcan, Wendy Ashby, Akiko Yoshioka, Noriko hvasaki, Hyeson Park, Mizuki Miyashita, Hisako Ikavva, Kuniyoshi Kataoka. Kazutoshi Ohno, and Scott Morby who all knew what graduate student life was like and ga\ e me the encouragements when 1 needed them. My thanks also go to the professors who have been influenced to me from the early stages of my academic life: Prof Sandra Chang at UC Santa Cruz and Prof Kensaku Yoshida at Sophia University in Tokyo. Finally, I owe my greatest debt to my family, especially, my mother, who has always taisted and loved me from across the Pacific Ocean. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 11 ABBREVIATIONS 13 TRANSCRIPTION OF CONVERSATION 14 ABSTRACT 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 17 1.1 Japanese Locative Postpositions /// and ck 17 1.2. Previous Studies on /// and dc 19 1.2.1 Descriptive Studies of/// and de 19 1.2.2.Generative Approach to ni and de 26 1.2.3.Cognitive Approach to /// and de 34 1.3 The Topic Marker wa 47 1.4.The Non-occurrence of Postpositions 50 1.5.Summary 52 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND METHODOLOGY 54 2.1 Global Assumptions of Cognitive Grammar 54 2.1.1 Cognitive Grammar: Dynamic Usage-based Model 55 2.1.1.1 .Why Cognitive Grammar"^ 55 2.1.1.2.What is Cognitive Grammar Usage-based Model'^ 57 2.2.Prototype Theory 61 2.3 . Basics of Cognitive Grammar 65 2.3 1 Schema 65 2 3 2.Base and Profile 67 2.3 .3.Landmark and Trajector 68 2.3.4.Things and Relations 69 2.3.5.Stative and Process 72 2.3.6.Composite Structure and Component Structure 76 2.3.7.Imperfective Process and Perfective Process 78 2.3.8.Automous Alignment and Dependent Alignment 81 2.4.Kumashiro {1994a, 1994b. 2000) 84 2.4.1. Prototypical Postposition c/c 85 2.4.2.Locative Setting and de 86 2.4.3."Hybrid' ni between Postpositions and Case 90 2.4.4.Semantic Network for/// 94 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 2.5.Network Models lOi 2.6.Kabata (2000) 109 2.6.1.M as a Stative Locative Marker 109 2.6.2.M as an Allative Marker 112 2.6.3.M as a Temporal Locative Marker 114 2.6.4.Network Model and Evaluations 116 2.7.Methodology 118 2.7.1.Spoken Data 121 2.7.2. Written Data 121 2.7.3.Present Analysis 123 2.8.Grammaticalization 124 2.8.1 .Historical Studies of ni 124 2.8.2.Historical Studies of Je 126 2.9.Summary 130 CHAPTER 3. NI 132 3. introduction 132 3.2.Procedures for Analysis of Spoken Discourse 133 3.3.A Review of Stativity and a Preview of a Cognitive Model of ni 136 3.4.Analysis of Simple Stative ni and Spoken Discourse 142 3.4.1.Data Analysis 142 3.4.2.A/^/-marked Location and the Most Frequently Used Verbs 143 3.5.Anlaysis of Complex Stative ni in Spoken Discourse 146 3.5.1.Data Analysis 146 3.5.2.Meaning of Complex Stative ni 147 3.6.Analysis of Allative ni in Spoken Discourse 149 3.7.Analysis of Contact ni in Spoken Discourse 150 3.8.Non-occurrence of ni 151 3.8.1. Motion Verbs and Non-occurrence of ni 152 3.8.2. Cognitive Motivations for Non-occurrence of ni 153 3.8.3. Discourse Motivations for Non-occurrence of ni 154 3.9. Summary of Analysis of ni in Spoken Discourse 158 3.10.Procedure for Analysis of Written Discourse 160 3.11 .Analysis of Simple Stative ni and Complex Stative ni in Written Discourse 163 3.12.Analysis of Allative ni and Contact ni in Written Discourse 163 3.13.Distributional Patterns of ni by Authors and Non-occurrences in Written Discourse 165 3.14.