Traditional Crop Biodiversity for Mountain Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal Tools and Research Results of the UNEP GEF Local Crop Project, Nepal Editors: Devendra Gauchan, Bal Krishna Joshi, Bharat Bhandari, Hira Kaji Manandhar and Devra I. Jarvis Kathmandu, Nepal, 2020 Dolakha Traditional Crop Biodiversity for Mountain Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal Tools and Research Results of the UNEP GEF Local Crop Project, Nepal Editors Devendra Gauchan, PhD Bal Krishna Joshi, PhD National Project Manager Senior Scientist Alliance of Bioversity National Agriculture Genetic International and CIAT Resources Centre, NARC Khumaltar, Kathmandu Khumaltar, Kathmandu @: [email protected] @: [email protected] Tel: 977 1 527 5141 Tel: 977 1 527 5131 Bharat Bhandari Hira Kaji Manandhar, PhD Program Development Director Adjunct Professor Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Agricululture and Forestry Research and Development University, & Former Senior (LI-BIRD), Pokhara Scientist & Director, NARC, Nepal @: [email protected] @: [email protected] Tel: 061 535 357 Tel: 977 9849 676781 Devra I. Jarvis, PhD Principal Scientist Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Rome, Italy Adjunct Faculty Washington State University, USA @: [email protected] Tel: 39-06 61181 Reviewed by: Pashupati Chaudhary, PhD; Agrobiodiversity Specialist Kathmandu, Nepal 2020 © The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, NAGRC, LI-BIRD 2020 Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) OPEN ACCESS The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT (Rome, Italy; https://www.bioversityinternational.org) The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) delivers research-based solutions that harness agricultural biodiversity and sustainably transform food systems to improve people’s lives in a climate crisis. The Alliance is part of CGIAR, a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources. NAGRC, NARC (Khumaltar, Lalitpur; http://narc.gov.np) The National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre (NAGRC) was established in 2010 under Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) for the conservation and utilization of all agricultural genetic resources that includes six components of agrobiodiversity (crop, forage, livestock, aquatic, insect and microorganism) and four sub- components (domesticated, semi domesticated, wild relatives and wild edible). Agricultural genetic resources are managed through four strategies (ex-situ, on-farm, in-situ and breeding) and deploying >50 good practices across the country. LI-BIRD (Pokhara, Nepal; http://www.libird.org) Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization established in 1995 to reduce poverty and promote social justice. LI-BIRD is committed to capitalizing on local initiatives, synergy, and partnerships for sustainable management of renewable natural resources. LI- BIRD contributes to several innovative methods and approaches aiming to achieve a positive impact on the livelihoods of rural poor and marginalized farmers through appropriate technological, social, and policy changes. Published by: The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, NAGRC and LI-BIRD Published date: May 2020 Disclaimer: Views and contents expressed in the papers are those of authors ISBN: 978-92-9255-181-0 NPSN: 00748-762/2019/20 Citation Gauchan D, BK Joshi, B Bhandari, HK Manandhar and DI Jarvis, eds. 2020. Traditional Crop Biodiversity for Mountain Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal. Tools and Research Results of the UNEP GEF Local Crop Project, Nepal. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT; Kathmandu, Nepal. Copies: 500 Total pages: 186 (excluding cover pages) Total contributors: 35 Total articles: 20 Available: I. NAGRC, Khumaltar, www.narc.gov.np; II. LI-BIRD, Pokhara, http://www.libird.org and III. the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Rome, www.bioversityinternational.org and www.himalayancrops.org Cover photo: Clockwise from top right, i. Mountain landscape, Jungu, Dolakha; ii. Women homestay group, Lamjung receiving prize in National Food Fair; iii. Seed production, Jumla; iv. Crop biodiversity, seed production, Humla, and v. Community Seed Bank and prosomillet thresher inauguration, Humla. (Photo credit: D Gauchan, N Pudasaini, S Pant) ii Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. VI FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. VII AUTHORS, COAUTHORS AND THEIR INDEX ................................................................................. VIII UNCOMMON ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... XI PROJECT INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 12 Tools and Research Results 1. CULTIVAR MIXTURE FOR MINIMIZING RISK IN FARMING AND CONSERVING AGROBIODIVERSITY................................................................................................................ 14 BAL KRISHNA JOSHI, SHREE PRASAD VISTA, SUK BAHADUR GURUNG, KRISHNA HARI GHIMIRE, RITA GURUNG, SAROJ PANT, SUBASH GAUTAM AND PRAGATI BABU PANERU .................................................................... 14 2. PERFORMANCE OF BUSHY BEAN GENOTYPES UNDER SOLE AND MIXED CULTIVATION IN MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................... 26 SHREE PRASAD VISTA, NETRA HARI GHIMIRE, PARAS MANI MAHAT AND BAL KRISHNA JOSHI ......................... 26 3. PERFORMANCE OF TRAILING TYPE BEAN GENOTYPES UNDER SOLE AND MIXED CULTIVATION IN MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................... 30 SHREE PRASAD VISTA, NETRA HARI GHIMIRE, PARAS MANI MAHAT AND BAL KRISHNA JOSHI ......................... 30 4. CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDS AND DISEASE SITUATIONS IN SOME MAJOR TRADITIONAL CROPS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF DOLAKHA, LAMJUNG, JUMLA AND HUMLA, NEPAL .......................... 34 AJAYA KARKEE, BAL KRISHNA JOSHI, KRISHNA HARI GHIMIRE, RITA GURUNG, NIRANJAN PUDASAINI, SAROJ PANT, PRAGATI BABU PANERU AND DEVENDRA GAUCHAN ................................................................................ 34 5. FINGER MILLET GERMPLASM EVALUATION FOR BLAST DISEASE RESISTANCE AND AGRONOMICAL TRAITS IN DOLAKHA, NEPAL ......................................................................... 48 SUK BAHADUR GURUNG, BAL KRISHNA JOSHI AND RAM CHANDRIKA PRASAD .............................................. 48 6. AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN NEPALESE FINGER MILLET LANDRACES ..................... 55 KRISHNA HARI GHIMIRE, SUK BAHADUR GURUNG, PARAS MANI MAHAT, AJAYA KARKEE, DEVENDRA GAUCHAN, BAL KRISHNA JOSHI, SURYA KANTA GHIMIRE, HIRA KAJI MANANDHAR AND MADHAV PRASAD PANDEY ............ 55 7. EVALUATION OF HIGH MOUNTAIN BEAN GERMPLASM AGAINST RUST DISEASE (UROMYCES APPENDICULATUS) AT KHUMALTAR, LALITPUR ...................................................................... 65 AJAYA KARKEE, DEEPA SINGH SHRESTHA AND SUK BAHADUR GURUNG ....................................................... 65 iii 8. JUMLI MAARSEE RICE EVOLVED IN JUMLA, NEPAL: NATURE’S CHOICES FOR HIGH MOUNTAINS WITH NUTRITION DENSE LANDRACE ...................................................................................... 71 BAL KRISHNA JOSHI, PRAVIN OJHA, DEVENDRA GAUCHAN AND PASHUPATI CHAUDHARY ................................ 71 9. ADVANCEMENT, SIMPLIFICATION AND PILOTING OF ELECTRICAL PROSO MILLET DE-HUSKER (CHINO KUTAK) FOR THE MOUNTAIN FARMERS ..................................................................... 75 GANGA RAM BHANDARI, DEVENDRA GAUCHAN, BHARAT BHANDARI, BAL KRISHNA JOSHI AND SAROJ PANTA .... 75 10. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF PROSO MILLET, FOXTAIL MILLET AND AMARANTH ................................................................. 82 PRAVIN OJHA, ROMAN KARKI AND UJJWOL SUBEDI ................................................................................. 82 11. NUTRITIONALLY UNIQUE NATIVE CROP LANDRACES FROM MOUNTAIN NEPAL FOR GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION RIGHT ....................................................................................... 87 BAL KRISHNA JOSHI, PRAVIN OJHA, DEVENDRA GAUCHAN, KRISHNA HARI GHIMIRE, BHARAT BHANDARI AND HARI BAHADUR KC ................................................................................................................................... 87 12. DEPLOYING INTRA-SPECIFIC DIVERSITY OF TRADITIONAL CROPS IN MOUNTAIN AGRO- ECOSYSTEMS THROUGH THE USE OF CLIMATE ANALOGUE TOOL ......................................... 100 KRISHNA HARI GHIMIRE, BAL KRISHNA JOSHI AND DEVENDRA GAUCHAN .................................................. 100 13. SEED SYSTEMS OF TRADITIONAL CROPS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF NEPAL .............................. 108 RITA GURUNG, NIRANJAN PUDASAINI, SAJAL STHAPIT, EPSHA PALIKHEY, ACHYUT RAJ ADHIKARI AND DEVENDRA GAUCHAN ...................................................................................................................................... 108 14. TRADITION OF MIXING BEAN LANDRACES: DIVERSITY