Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Issued May 13,1911. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.—BULLETIN 127. A. D. MELVIN, CHIBF OF BURBAU. THE NEMATODES PARASITIC IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF CATTLE, SHEEP, AND OTHER RUMINANTS. BY B. H. RANSOM, PH. D., Chief of the Zoological Division. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chief: A. D. MELVIN. Assistant Chief: A. M. FARRINGTON. Chief Cleric: CHARLES C. CARROLL. Animal Husbandry Division: GEORGE M. ROMMEL, chief. Biochemic Division: M. DORSET, chief. Dairy Division: B. H. RAWL, chief. Inspection Division: RICE P. STEDDOM, chief; MORRIS WOODEN, R. A. RAMSAY, and ALBERT E. BEHNKE, associate chiefs. Pathological Division: JOHN R. MOHLER, chief. Quarantine Division: RICHARD W. HICKMAN, chief. Zoological Division: B. H. RANSOM, chief. Experiment Station: E. C. SCHROEDER, superintendent. Editor: JAMES M. PICKENS. ZOOLOGICAL DIVISION. Chief: B. H. RANSOM. Assistant Zoologists: ALBERT HASSALL, HARRY W. GRAYBILL, and MAURICE C. HALL. Junior Zoologists: HOWARD CRAWLEY and WINTHROP D. FOSTER. 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C, September 23, 1910. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for publication as a bulletin of this Bureau, a manuscript entitled "The Nematodes Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of Cattle, Sheep, and Other Ruminants/7 by Dr. B. H. Ransom, chief of the Zoological Divis- ion of this Bureau. The purpose of the paper is to supply data hereto- fore unpublished or otherwise not readily available, which will enable zoologists, veterinarians, and other investigators to identify nema- todes belonging to known species that may be found in the alimentary tract of ruminants. All of the parasites in question, among which are included such important forms as the stomach worms, hookworms, and nodular worms, are briefly described, and the illustrations show the characteristics of the more important species. Respectfully, A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 3 CONTENTS. Pasre. Introduction 13 List of nematodes occurring in the alimentary tract of ruminants 13 Methods of collecting and preparing specimens 15 Structure of nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of ruminants 16 Form 16 Size 17 Cuticle 17 Digestive system 18 Mouth 18 Esophagus : 18 Intestine 19 Anus 19 Nervous system 19 Reproductive system 19 Male reproductive system 19 Spicules 20 Bursa 20 Female reproductive system 22 Vulva 22 Vagina 22 Uterus and ovary 23 Eggs 23 Description of nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of ruminants 24 Key to families of Nematoda 24 Family Ascaridse 24 Genus Ascaris 24 Key to species of Ascaris 25 Ascaris ovis 25 Ascaris vitulorum 25 Family Strongylidse 26 Key to subfamilies of Strongylidse 26 Subfamily Strongylinse 26 Key to genera of Strongylinae 26 Genus Agriostomum 27 Agrio8tomum vryburgi 27 Genus Monodontus 27 Key to species of Monodontus 28 Monodontus trigonocephalus 28 Monodontus phlebotomus 31 Monodontus longecirratus 34 Genus Chabertia 35 Chabertia ovina 35 Genus Eucyathostomum 38 Key to species of Eucyathostomum 38 Eucyathostomum longesubulatum 38 Eucyathostomum spinulosum 40 5 6 CONTENTS. Page. Description of nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of ruminants—Con. Family Strongylidse—Continued. Subfamily Strongylinse—Continued. Genus CEsophagostomum 40 Key to species of (Esophagosiomum 41 CEsophagostomum columbianum 41 CEsophagostomum radiatum 44 CEsophagostomum venulosum 46 Subfamily Metastrongylinse 47 Key to genera of Metastrongylinse 47 Genus Exmonchus 49 Key to species of Hsemonchus 50 Hxmonchus contortus 50 Edemonchus longistipes 54 (?Hxmonchus) bispinosus 54 Genus Ostertagia 54 Key to species of Ostertagia 55 Ostertagia ostertagi 56 Ostertagia circumcincta • 59 Ostertagia trifurcata 62 Ostertagia marshalli 62 Ostertagia occidentalis 67 Ostertagia mentulata 68 Ostertagia brigantiaca 69 Genus Cooperia 69 Key to species of Cooperia 70 n^operia curticei 71 yperia punctata 74 Cooperia oncophora 77 Cooperia pectinata 81 Genus Nematodirus 82 Key to species of Nematodirus. 82 Nematodirus filicollis 82 Nematodirus spathiger 85 Nematodirus digitatus 85 Genus Trichostrongylus 86 Key to species of Trichostrongylus 87 Trichostrongylus instabilis 88 Trichostrongylus colubriformis 90 Trichostrongylus probolurus 90 Trichostrongylus vitrinus 92 Trichostrongylus extenuatus 94 Trichostrongylus capricola 96 Species of Metastrongylinse of uncertain position 98 Strongylus ventricosus 98 Strongylus fordii 99 Family Filariidse 99 Key to genera of Filariidae 100 Genus Gongylonema 100 Key to species of Gongylonema 100 Gongylonema scutatum 100 Gongylonema verrucosum 102 Genus Spiroptera 103 Spiroptera verrucosa „ 104 CONTENTS. 7 Page. Description of nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of ruminants—Con. Family Angiostomidse 104 Genus Strongyloides 104 Key to species of Strongyloides 105 Strongyloides papillosus 105 Strongyloides ovocinctus 108 Family Trichinellidse 110 Key to subfamilies of Trichinellidse 110 Subfamily Trichurinae Ill Key to genera of Trichurinse Ill Genus Trichuris Ill Key to species of Tridiuris Ill Trichuris ovis 112 Trichuris discolor 114 Trichuris alcochi 115 Trichuris globulosa 115 Trichuris cameli 116 Trichuris giraffx 117 Genus Capillaria 117 Key to species of Capillaria 117 Capillaria brevipes 117 Capillaria longipes 119 Capillaria bovis 120 Subfamily Trichinellinse 120 Genus Trichinella 121 Trichinella spiralis 121 Compendium of species arranged according to hosts . v>i, 121 Addendum )(/> 124 Index - :\ 125 ILLUSTRATIONS. TEXT FIGURES. Page. FIG. 1. Monodontu8 trigonocephalus. Male and female 29 2. Monodontus trigonocephalus. Anterior end of body, viewed from right side 29 3. Monodontus trigonocephalus. Bursa of male, spread out * 29 4. Monodontus trigonocephalus. Bursa of male, viewed from left side 30 5. Monodontus trigonocephalus. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side 30 6. Monodontus phlebotomus. Male and female '. 32 7. Monodontus phlebotomus. Anterior end of body, viewed from left side .. 32 8. Monodontus phlebotomus. Bursa of male. Dorsal view 33 9. Monodontus phlebotomus. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side 33 10. Monodontus longecirratus. Bursa of male 35 11. Chabertia ovina. Male and female 36 12. Chabertia ovina. Anterior end of body, viewed from left side 36 13. Chabertia ovina. Bursa of male, viewed from left side 36 14. Chabertia ovina. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side. 37 15. Eucyathostomum longesubulatum. Posterior end of body of male. Ven- tral view 39 16. Eucyathostomum longesubulatum. Female 39 17. Eucyathostomum spinulosum. Bursa of male 40 18. (Esophagostomum columbianum. Male and female 42 19. CEsophagostomum columbianum. Anterior end of body. Ventral view.- 42 20. (Esophagostomum columbianum. Posterior end of body of male, with bursa spread out. Ventral view 42 21. CEsophagostomum columbianum. Bursa of male, viewed from right side. 42 22. (Esophagostomum columbianum. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side 43 23. (Esophagostomum radiatum. Male and female 45 24. (Esophagostomum radiatum. Anterior end of body. Ventral view 45 25. (Esophagostomum radiatum. Bursa of male, spread out 45 26. (Esophagostomum radiatum. Bursa of male, viewed from left side 45 27. (psophagostomum radiatum. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side 46 28. (Esophagostomum venulosum. Male and female 48 29. (Esophagostomum venulosum. Anterior end of body. Ventral view... 48 30. (Esophagostomum venulosum. Bursa of male, spread out 48 31. (Esophagostomum venulosum. Bursa of male, viewed from right side.. 48 32. (Esophagostomum venulosum. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side 48 33. Hsemonchus contortus. Male and female 51 34. Hxmonchus contortus. Anterior end of body 51 35. Hsmionchus contortus. Posterior end of body of male. Dorsal view... 51 36. Hxmonchus contortus. Body of female in region of vulva, viewed from left side 52 37. Hxmonchus contortus. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from leftside 52 9 10 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. FIG. 38. Ostertagia ostertagi. Male and female 57 39. Ostertagia ostertagi. Posterior end of body of male, with bursaspread out 57 40. Ostertagia ostertagi. Bursa of male, viewed from right side 57 41. Ostertagia ostertagi. Spicule of male. Lateral view 57 42. Ostertagia ostertagi. Body of female in region of vulva, viewed from right side 58 43. Ostertagia ostertagi. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from right side 58 44. Ostertagia circumcincta. Male and female 60 45. Ostertagia circumcincta. Bursa of male, spread out. Ventral view... 60 46. Ostertagia circumcincta. Bursa of male, viewed from right side 61 47. Ostertagia circumcincta. Spiculesand gubernaculum of male. Ventral view 61 48. Ostertagia circumcincta. Posterior end of body of female, viewed from left side 61 49. Ostertagia circumcincta. Tip of tail of female 61 50. Ostertagia trifurcata. Male 63 51. Ostertagia trifurcata. Posterior end of body of male, with bursa spread out. Ventral view 63 52. Ostertagia trifurcata. Posterior end of body of male, viewed from left side 63 53. Ostertagia trifurcata. Spicules and gubernaculum. Ventral view.... 63 54. Ostertagia trifurcata. Spicule and gubernaculum. Lateral view 63 55. Ostertagia marshalli. Male and female 64 56. Ostertagia marshalli. Bursa