BELARUS The 1996 Constitution of Belarus, which was adopted by unconstitutional means, remains in force. The President has excessive power and continues to rule the country by presidential decree. The independence of the judiciary is seriously threatened by the poor conditions of service and the influence of the President on the appointment and dismissal of judges. Individual lawyers face improper influence and harassment. President Lukashenko won the presidential elections on 9 September 2001, thereby securing another five year term, in a process clearly flawed. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Belarus declared its independence on 25 August 1991, and later joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In March 1994, the Supreme Soviet adopted a new Constitution that provided for a democratic form of government and a directly elected president as head of Government and State. On 10 July 1994 Alexander Lukashenko was elected as the first president of Belarus for a term of five years. The members of the 13th Supreme Soviet (parliament) were elected in 1995. The 1994 Constitution was amended on 24 November 1996 in a referendum, that was marked by substantial irregularities in procedure. The referendum had been called by the President after the Supreme Soviet refused to pass the extensive constitutional changes suggested by President Lukashenko. This referendum was held despite a ruling by the Constitutional Court on 4 November 1996 that the Constitution could not be amended in this way. President Lukashenko annulled the ruling by decree and the then-Prime Minister, Mikhail Chigir, resigned in protest. The current political system is therefore based on a Constitution that was adopted by unconstitutional means. As a result of the 1996 referendum the President of Belarus has greatly expanded powers and Mr. Lukashenko's term as President was extended for 2 years as from July 1999. The last presidential elections were held on 9 September 2001. The country's official Central Electoral Commission announced that Alexander Lukashenko had won 75,6 per cent of the vote, whereas his main opponent Vladimir Goncharik, who was the candidate of a broad coalition of opposition parties, only won 15,4 per cent of the vote. There were numerous allegations of manipulation and vote-rigging and hundreds protested in Minsk against this landslide victory. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) and the Parliamentary Troika composed of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE/PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the European Parliament sent a joint International Limited Election Observation Mission (ILEOM) to the presidential elections. In its Preliminary Conclusions the ILEOM stated that "(t)here were fundamental flaws in the electoral process, some of which are specific to the political situation in Belarus...". Among the flaws enumerated were a legislative framework that fails to ensure the independence of election administration bodies, the integrity of the voting results tabulation process, lack of free and fair campaign conditions, and excessive restrictions imposed upon campaigning and observers. In addition, the process was marked by intimidation directed against opposition activists, domestic observation organisations, opposition and independent media, and a smear campaign against international observers. The ILEOM concluded that "(t)he 2001 presidential election process failed to meet the OSCE commitments for democratic elections...". 1 Chapter 3 of the new Constitution of Belarus gives the President extensive powers. The powers listed in Article 84 include, inter alia, to determine the structure of the Government of the Republic of Belarus; to appoint and dismiss the deputy Prime ministers and ministers; to take decisions on the resignation of the Government; to appoint and dismiss judges at all levels (see below); to appoint the leading officials of bodies of state administration; to abolish acts of the Government; to exercise supervision directly or through specially formed bodies of observance of laws by local organs of administration or self-government; and to suspend decisions of local councils of deputies. In addition, Article 85 of the Constitution gives the President the authority to issue mandatory decrees and orders in certain instances as determined by the Constitution. Article 101 of the Constitution stipulates that the Parliament may adopt a law delegating legislative powers in a wide range of areas to the President. It also provides that in instances of necessity, the President may temporary pass decrees which have the power of law. These decrees are then submitted within three days to the Parliament and become valid if they are not rejected by a majority of two thirds of votes of both chambers in their full composition. President Lukashenko has interpreted this provision broadly and has ruled by decree ever since he became President. On 18 February 2000 President Lukashenko dismissed the Prime Minister, Syargey Ling, and nominated Uladzimir Yaarmoshyn. The House of Representatives approved the nomination on 14 March 2000. Since the policies of the Government are mainly dictated by the President the change of the Prime Minister was not expected to bring about any significant changes. The Constitution of Belarus provides for the separation of powers in Article 6. However, in practice, the system of checks and balances among the executive, legislative and judicial powers has been distorted, and now all branches are under the President's effective control. The opposition called for alternative presidential elections on 16 May 1999, in conformity with the abolished 1994 Constitution. A Central Electoral Commission (ECE) was formed to organise the elections. In the period leading to the alternative elections, several opposition leaders were harassed and arrested and some disappeared. The ECE ruled the election results invalid due to irregularities that were, inter alia, caused by the hostility of the authorities. As a further result of the 1996 referendum, the Supreme Soviet was dissolved and replaced by a new bicameral legislature. This new parliament was not directly elected. The 110- member lower house was formed out of the membership of the existing Supreme Soviet. The 64-member upper house was created by a combination of presidential appointments for one third of its members and elections for the remaining seats. The Council of the Republic is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives the lower chamber. Several deputies of the Supreme Soviet belonging to opposition parties have refused to accept this new parliament. In October 2000, the first Parliamentary elections since the 1996 referendum were held. The elections were boycotted by some opposition parties. The first round of voting for the House of Representatives was held on 15 October 2000. Four days later the elections were declared valid in 97 constituencies and invalid in 13 constituencies, where the elections were to be repeated. In the second round of voting on 29 October 2000 run-off elections in 56 of the 97 2 constituencies were held and declared valid. The turnout for the first round of voting was officially given as 61.08 per cent. The opposition alleged that the turnout had been artificially inflated by altered voter lists. According to the opposition, the turnout was around 45 per cent. For the 110 seats, 562 candidates stood in the elections and only some 50 were members of the opposition. Political opponents had reportedly been barred by technicalities or spoke about repeated harassment by the authorities. The former Prime Minister, Mikhail Chigir, withdrew his candidacy in the second round of voting,alleging that the turnout rates in his constituency in the first round had been manipulated. The ODIHR Technical Assessment Mission stated that the 15 October 2000 parliamentary elections process in Belarus failed to meet international standards for democratic elections. On 18 March 2001, the repeat elections in the 13 constituencies where the turnout in the second round in October 2000 had fallen below the 25 per cent needed, were held. In 11 constituencies, the vote was only successful in a second round of voting on 1 April 2001. Despite strong popular opposition, on 8 December 1999 President Lukashenko and the Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a Treaty on the Creation of a Union State. The treaty commits the two countries to become a confederate state and establishes joint governing bodies. On 25 April 2000 the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus, meeting for the first time, discussed the creation of a common currency and the legal basis for further unification. In April 2001 both houses of the National Assembly ratified an agreement to introduce the Russian rouble as the common currency as of 1 January 2005 and a new common currency from 1 January 2008. HUMAN RIGHTS BACKGROUND During the period covered by this report, the Government failed to meet its human rights obligations in respect of a number of basic human rights. Excessive restrictions on the freedom of association, expression, the press, and peaceful assembly continued, and conditions in prisons and detention facilities remained poor, amounting in some instances to cruel, degrading or inhuman treatment. There were also allegations of ill-treatment by the police and numerous human rights abuses by members of the security forces. Fair trial standards