University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1982 Perceived control and power in marriage : a study of marital decision making and task performance. Margaret E. Madden University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Madden, Margaret E., "Perceived control and power in marriage : a study of marital decision making and task performance." (1982). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1565. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1565 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PERCEIVED CONTROL AND POWER IN MARRIAGE: A STUDY OF MARITAL DECISION MAKING AND TASK PERFORMANCE A Dissertation Presented By Margaret E. Madden Submitted to the Graduate School of the versity of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1982 Psychology PERCEIVED CONTROL AND POWER IN MARRIAGE: A STUDY OF MARITAL DECISION MAKING AND TASK PERFORMANCE A Dissertation Presented By MARGARET E. MADDEN Ronnie Janof f-B^lman , Chairperson of Committee Naomi GersteT, Member ^ ( George Levinger, Member Harold Raush, Member ( / Bonnie R. Strickland, Department Head Psychology FOR MY PARENTS: TO Ross M. Madden and Magdalen Clarke Madden AND IN MEMORY OF Margaret Willie Madden i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to acknowledge the help of the following people. My grateful thanks to: Ronnie Janoff-Bulman who , chaired my dissertation committee and has been my advisor and mentor throughout my years in graduate school. She has supported, encouraged, prodded, organized, criticized, listened, and permitted independence at the right times. My tenure as a student would not have been so fruitful, satisfying, or happy without her. George Levinger, who has encouraged my interest in close relation- ships and, as a member of my committee, has spent hours providing detailed criticism of all stages of this project. Harold Raush and Naomi Gerstel , who were members of my disserta- tion committee, providing helpful conceptual and methodological comments about this research. Lynn Meredith, who always cheerfully rescues me in my crises, and who listened, piloted, and typed for me at various stages of this dissertation. Christine Timko, who commented about ideas and details, provided endless moral support, and typed. David Lenson and Pamela Glaven, who have let me groan to them for years, and, of course, typed. Thomas Sokol , who puts up with everything, is supportive and proud, gives me room to work when I have to, makes me play when I shouldn't work, maintains my sanity, and who I love very much. i v Ross M. Madden and Magdalen C. Madden, to whom this dissertation is dedicated, because they taught me to want to learn, never doubted my ability, and provided examples of how to enjoy both work and home. v ABSTRACT The question of whether the balance of power in a marriage is associated with marital satisfaction has been investigated for many years without clear findings. Usually power has been defined in terms of which spouse makes the most final decisions, but decision making may reflect only one aspect of power. Because power may also involve who performs task activities, the present study asked respon- dents both about who makes decisions and about who performs tasks. Also, perceptions of personal control over decisions and activities were investigated because perceived control may be a mediator between marital power and satisfaction. It was hypothesized that marital satisfaction is more highly correlated with perceived control over decisions and activities than is frequency of decision making or task performance. Thirty-seven married couples completed questionnaires regarding marital satisfaction, gender role attitudes, decision making, activity performance, perceived personal control over decisions and activities, and power. Most couples reported sharing decisions equally, but they described varied patterns of task performance. For both husbands and wives, only perceived control over activities was positively correlated with marital satisfaction. Exploratory models for each sex identified how other factors were related to satisfaction through their associations with perceived activity control. Perceptions of activity control were more important for women than for men. Women, but not men, also vi indicated a negative correlation between task performance and perceived activity control: wives who performed more tasks felt they had less control over whether they did those tasks. Thus, this study found that control over activities, rather than making final decisions or performing activities, was related to marital satisfaction, and that perceived activity control was a more important factor among wives than among husbands. This and other findings were discussed in regards to changing expectations about marital roles and general issues concerning the study of power in marriage. vi i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .... IV ABSTRACT vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xn Chapter I. INTRODUCTION , Overview of Introduction 2 Perceived Control and Satisfaction ........... 5 Perceived personal control ! ! ! ! ! 5 Perceptions of control in marriage , 7 Marital Power 3 Decision making power 9 Activity power \ 12 Resource possession 13 Power and marital satisfaction 18 A Theoretical Analysis of Power and Perceived Control 20 Power measures and perceived control 21 Perceived Control of Wives 31 Alternatives to the marriage 31 Relative deprivation and sex role attitudes 32 Do women have control? 34 Hypotheses 37 II. METHOD 39 Respondents 39 Recruitment , 39 Participant characteristics , 40 Procedure 43 Materials 44 *jtll. RESULTS , 47 Marital Satisfaction 51 lender Differences , . 56 Satisfaction 56 VPerceptions of control in marriage 64 v Reported behavior 66 Gender role attitude 66 Categorization of couples 71 vi i i Miscellaneous Additional Issues 72 Husband and wife consensus ! ! ! 73 Importance of decisions and activities ...... 77 Perceived reasons for having control ....... 82 Couples' oral comments 84 Summary of Results ] 33 IV. DISCUSSION gi Marital Satisfaction and Perceived Control 91 * Gender Roles in Marriage 95 ' Activities 95 Gender role attitudes 98 Power and Perceived Control . 105 Methodological Issues 107 Consensus of husbands and wives 108 The perceived importance of decision and task areas 109 The use of interviews to study power m Conclusion m REFERENCE NOTES 114 REFERENCES 115 APPENDIX A 129 APPENDIX B 152 ix LIST OF TABLES 1. Percentage of Male and Female Respondents in Each Occupation Category 2. Percentage of Employed Respondents in EachCategory of Hours Employed per Week 3. Inter-Item Reliability for All Scales ........ 4. Means and Ranges of Responses per Item for Major' Variables 5. Correlations among Major Variables for All 74 Respondents 6. Steps in Regression Model of Associations between Marital Satisfaction and Other Variables for Males and Females Combined Wives' 7. Responses: Correlations among Major Variables ... 57 8. Husbands' Responses: Correlations among Major Variables . 58 9. Steps in Regression Model of Associations between Satisfaction and Other Variables for Female Respondents 52 10. Steps in Regression Model of Associations between Satisfaction and Other Variables for Male Respondents . 63 11. Mean Item Values Comparing Women's and Men's Scores on Decision, Activity, and Control Variables 65 12. Distribution of Decisions and Activities by Gender .... 67 13. Correlates of Marital Satisfaction by Wives' and Husbands' Gender Role Attitude 69 14. Correlations between Husband's and Wife's Perceptions of Aspects of Their Marriage 74 15. Wi thin-Couple Correlations in High and Low Marital Satisfaction Groups 76 16. Wives' and Husbands' Mean Ratings of Importance of Decisions and Activities 79 17. Correlates of Marital Satisfaction using Scales Consisting of Only the Ten Most Important Items 81 18. Percentages of "Yes" Responses to Questions about Control over Decisions and Activities 83 19. Percentages of Wives and Husbands Who Checked Each Reason for Having Control When Control was Wanted and When Control was Not Wanted 85 20. Percentages of Wives and Husbands Who Checked Each Reason for Not Having Control When Control was Wanted and When Control was Not Wanted 86 21. Percentages of Couples Responding "Yes" to Questions Asked During Interviews 87 22. Wives' and Husbands' Mean Ratings of the Extent to Which They Make Final Decisions 153 23. Wives' and Husbands' Mean Ratings of How Much Control They Have Over Decisions 154 x 24. Wives and Husbands' Mean Ratings of How Much Control They Feel Their Spouses Have Over Decisions . i« ' ' 25. Wives' and Husbands' ' Mean Ratings of the Extent to Which They Perform Activities ' 15fi 26. Wives' and Husbands' ' ' Mean Ratings of How" Much Control They Feel They Have Over Whether They Perform Activities - lt ' 7 27. Wives' and ' ' Husbands' Mean Ratings of'How'Much Control They Feel Their Spouses Have Over Whether They Perform Activities 158 xi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Husbands' and Wives' Combined Regression Model of Variables Associated with Marital Satisfaction 54 2. Wives' Regression Model of Variables Associated with Marital