This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 CASE STUDY Khalil Larkins, an 18-year-old senior at Wolfridge High School, was running the 100-meter dash for his qualifying time. As he left his starting block, he heard a “pop” and instantly felt a sharp pain in the upper back part of his left leg. He struggled as he limped off the track. His teammates helped him to the treatment area, where his trainer could assess him. After a quick evaluation, the trainer placed ice on Khalil’s left hamstring, the muscle in the posterior upper leg. Khalil was instructed to stay off his left leg and was given a pair of crutches to use until he could be examined by a physician. The next morning, Khalil’s pain had not subsided, and now there was swelling, bruising, and tenderness at the injury site. Khalil continued Chapter Objectives to use his crutches to move around, and when it was convenient, he iced the back part of his Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to upper left leg. The following day, Khalil saw 1. identify and defi ne medical terms associated Dr. Schumacher for his initial assessment. with the major structures and functions of the Dr. Schumacher was an orthopedist (OR-thoh- muscular system; PEE-dist), or a medical specialist who treats 2. recognize, defi ne, spell, and pronounce terms conditions and injuries of the musculoskeletal related to the pathology, diagnosis, and (MUS-kyoo-loh-SKEL-uh-tuhl) system, which is treatment of muscular system diseases and made up of the muscular and skeletal structures conditions; and and tissues of the body. 3. identify medical careers associated with the Dr. Schumacher determined that Khalil had a read through this chapter, you will learn medical terms diagnosis and treatment of muscular system strained, or pulled, hamstring in his left leg. that will help you understand the basic structures and diseases and conditions. functions of the muscular system, as well as common YOUR TURN diseases and conditions, diagnostic tests and procedures, What kinds of treatments do you think Dr. Schumacher and surgical and therapeutic treatments. You will refer recommended for Khalil’s hamstring strain? What back to this case study when you interpret Khalil’s facts in the case study led you to this answer? As you medical record in the Chapter Review. While studying, look for the activity icon to E-flash conditions, diagnostic and surgical procedures, • Practice identifying medical word Cards Medical Word Parts and therapeutic treatment methods. parts and abbreviations with The muscular system is made up of many unique e-flash cards. structures and parts, all of which have specifi c names Combining Form • Review anatomical concepts with interactive art in the healthcare and medical fi elds. Mastery of the (Root Word plus labeling. combining forms, prefi xes, and suffi xes listed in the Combining Vowel) Meaning • Assess your understanding of medical vocabulary with tables that follow will help you understand medical articul/o joint e-flash cards and vocabulary games. terms pertaining to the muscular system. • Listen to pronunciations of medical terms and spell card/o, cardi/o heart them in audio activities. duct/o to lead; to carry • Expand your knowledge and skills with animated Combining Forms electr/o electricity videos. The combining forms that follow are common fasci/o fi brous band; fascia in medical terms used to describe muscular system (Continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 59 60 Introduction to Medical Terminology Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Form Meaning Prefi x Meaning Suffi x Meaning Muscle Tissue Types fi br/o fi ber in- in; into; not -tomy process of cutting; incision Muscle is a type of body tissue made up of fl ex/o to bend par-, para- near; beside; alongside; -tonia tone; tension bundles of fi bers (long, slender cells) that are held kines/o, kinesi/o movement beyond; abnormal -trophy condition of growth or together by connective tissue. When nerves stim- lei/o smooth quadri- four development ulate muscle fi bers, the bersfi contract (become shorter and thicker), causing body movement. muscul/o muscle tachy- fast Muscles that are stimulated to move through my/o, myos/o muscle tri- three Ponder This conscious control are called voluntary muscles. myocardi/o heart muscle The phrase “conscious control” does not mean neur/o nerve Suffi xes Trapezius, deltoid, gluteus maximus, sartorius... that your brain has to think about, or plan, every it’s all Greek and Latin. Why do you think so muscular action before it is performed. Rather, orth/o straight; normal The suffi xes that follow are common in medi- many structures in the body get their names from ped/o child; foot cal terms used to describe health conditions, long, sometimes difficult-to-pronounce words that voluntary muscular activity is action that you can control through the force of your will (for example, plant/o sole of the foot diagnostic tests and procedures, and therapeutic originated in ancient cultures? Why would modern- treatments related to the muscular system. You era science and medicine benefit from the continued swallowing). Much voluntary muscular activity radi/o X-rays will encounter many of the same suffi xes in your use of terms that come from Greek and Latin? happens when you are giving little, if any, thought rhabd/o rod-shaped study of other body systems. to the actions that are performed by your body. By sarc/o fl esh; connective tissue contrast, muscles that are not stimulated to move Suffi x Meaning son/o sound Anatomy and Physiology through conscious control are called involuntary -ac, -al, -ar, -ic pertaining to muscles. You cannot force yourself to move these tax/o coordination; order What is your favorite sport or activity? Do you -algia pain muscles through willpower (for example, the ten/o, tendin/o, tendon enjoy volleyball, football, swimming, cycling, or heart beating). tendon/o -asthenia weakness dancing? Without muscles, none of these activi- Voluntary and involuntary muscles in the body -cele hernia; swelling; ties—or other forms of movement—would be tens/o stretched; strained come in three types: skeletal muscle, smooth mus- protrusion possible. ton/o tone; tension cle, and cardiac muscle. -ceps heads (attachments) The muscular system is composed of different vers/o turn; turning Skeletal muscle, also called striated (strigh-AY- -dynia pain kinds of tissue that work together to perform sev- ted) muscle, is voluntary muscle that is attached to -ectomy surgical removal; excision eral essential functions. These essential functions Prefi xes include bone and can be contracted or relaxed through con- -esthesia sensation scious control. Striated muscle has a distinctively The prefi xes that follow are not specifi c to mus- • holding body parts in position and making -gram record; image striped appearance and is composed of muscle cular system terminology. These universal pre- movement possible; fi bers. Skeletal muscle fi bers are long, slender cells fi xes are used in many other medical terms, as you -graphy process of recording • providing a protective covering for the internal grouped and held together with connective tissue will see in your study of medical terminology and -ia condition organs; and covered with fascia (FASH-ee-uh), a band or other body systems. -ion process; state; condition • producing, through movement, nearly 85 per- sheet of fi brous tissue that encloses a muscle or Prefi x Meaning -itis infl ammation cent of the heat that keeps the body warm; group of muscles. Skeletal muscle is found in the a-, an- not; without -logy study of • moving food through the digestive system; scalp, face, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice ab- away; away from -lysis breakdown; separation; • aiding blood fl ow through the veins as blood box), neck, chest, vertebral column, arms and hands, abdomen, back, and legs and feet. ad- toward loosening returns to the heart; and Smooth muscle, also called visceral (VIS-uh-ruhl) bi- two; both -malacia softening • assisting with the movement of fl uids through muscle, is a type of involuntary muscle, meaning it -oma tumor; mass the ducts and vessels of other body systems. brady- slow is not controlled by conscious thought processes. circum- around -paresis weakness Figure 3.1 illustrates some of the major muscles Smooth muscle surrounds internal organs and is in the body. As you view the fi gure, consider what dorsi- back -penia defi ciency found throughout your respiratory tract, stomach, muscles of the body perform what functions. dys- painful; diffi cult -plasty surgical repair intestines, and urinary tract. Smooth muscle con- tracts and relaxes to move contents through body e-, ex- out; away from -plegia paralysis Fascinating Fact system passageways. This involuntary move- -plegic pertaining to paralysis hemi- half On average, muscles make up 40 to 45 percent ment, known as peristalsis (PEER-ih-STAHL-sis), hyper- above; above normal; -rrhexis rupture of your body weight. Your body has more than enables blood to travel through arteries and veins, 630 muscles that help you perform different kinds excessive -scope instrument used to view food to move through the stomach and intestines, of movement. hypo- below; below normal; -scopy visual examination using and a fetus to be expelled through the birth canal. defi cient a scope (Continued) (Continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 3 The Muscular System 61 62 Introduction to Medical Terminology Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.