STUDIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE LUCID DREAM INDUCTION TECHNIQUES Denholm Jay Aspy, B. Psych (Hons) School of Psychology The University of Adelaide Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2017 ii Table of contents Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... x Declaration ............................................................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: General Introduction and Overview of Thesis ...................................................................... 1 References............................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Lucid Dreaming .................................................................................. 8 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Early references to lucid dreaming ................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Lucid dreaming and Eastern spiritual traditions ............................................................................ 9 2.4 Major contributors to modern lucid dreaming literature ............................................................ 10 2.4.1 Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys ......................................................................................... 10 2.4.2 Frederik van Eeden................................................................................................................ 11 1.4.3 Ouspensky ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.4.4 Alward Embury Brown .......................................................................................................... 12 2.4.5 Hugh Callaway ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.6 Celia Green ............................................................................................................................ 13 2.4.7 Carlos Castaneda ................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.8 Keith Hearne ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.9 Stephen LaBerge ................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 16 References.......................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3: Phenomenology of Lucid Dreaming .................................................................................... 19 3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Definition of lucid dreams ............................................................................................................ 19 3.3 Initiation of lucid dreams ............................................................................................................. 20 3.3.1 Dream Induced Lucid Dreams ............................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 Wake Induced Lucid Dreams ................................................................................................. 21 3.4 Lucid dream environments .......................................................................................................... 22 3.4.1 Typical perceptual environments .......................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 Surreal perceptual environments ......................................................................................... 23 3.4.3 Minimal perceptual environments ....................................................................................... 24 iii 3.5 Sensory modalities ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.5.1 Vision .................................................................................................................................... 24 3.5.2 Audition ................................................................................................................................ 25 3.5.3 Somatosensation and kinaesthesia ...................................................................................... 26 3.5.4 Other senses ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.6 Emotion ....................................................................................................................................... 28 3.7 Cognitive abilities ......................................................................................................................... 29 3.8 Volitional action ........................................................................................................................... 29 3.9 Dream control .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.10 Dream characters ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.11 Duration of lucid dreams ........................................................................................................... 32 3.12 Cessation of lucid dreams .......................................................................................................... 32 3.13 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 33 References ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 4: Psychophysiological Correlates of Actions and Experiences in Dreams .............................. 37 4.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Eye movements ........................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Time perception........................................................................................................................... 39 4.4 Movement, speech and respiration ............................................................................................ 42 4.5 Autonomic responses .................................................................................................................. 44 4.6 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 46 References ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 5: Potential Benefits and Applications of Lucid Dreaming ..................................................... 51 5.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 51 5.2 Dream research ........................................................................................................................... 51 5.3 Treatment of nightmares ............................................................................................................. 52 5.4 Skill rehearsal ............................................................................................................................... 54 5.5 Recreation .................................................................................................................................... 56 5.6 Problem solving and creative inspiration .................................................................................... 57 5.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 59 References ......................................................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 6: Review Paper on the Measurement of Dream Recall ......................................................... 64 Statement of authorship ................................................................................................................... 64 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................