Institute of European Studies (University of California, Berkeley) Year Paper The Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro and Napoleon’s Black Legend Maria B. Nizza da Silva University of S˜ao Paulo (retired) This paper is posted at the eScholarship Repository, University of California. http://repositories.cdlib.org/ies/080218 Copyright c 2008 by the author. The Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro and Napoleon’s Black Legend Abstract Napoleon and the European war were not the primary concerns of Brazil’s inhabitants. They had their own agenda and saw the British as their mercantile competitors. Most of all they resented the 1810 treaty of alliance and the article on the abolition of slave trade. Not even a a Constitution was asked for in Brazil because Brazilians were happy enough with the presence of the royal family to think of a change in government. The paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008. The Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro and Napoleon’s Black Legend Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva University of São Paulo For those who accompanied prince regent D. João to Brazil and advised him on the measures to be taken in the new siege of the Portuguese monarchy two major fears dictated vigilance and propaganda. They feared the seduction Napoleon and France could exert on Portuguese America, in the same way French invaders were already seducing some layers of society in Portugal. On the other side they were afraid of the ideas Spaniards from Buenos Aires could export to Brazil. The stronger fear demanded an active anti-Napoleonic propaganda; as to the other a constant alertness by the Police was enough to prevent danger. When in 1977 I published Cultura e sociedade no Rio de Janeiro (1808-1821) I had already noticed what I then called “the Napoleonic cycle”, that is to say, a certain number of leaflets and books that attacked the “terrible Corsican”, both in Portugal and Brazil. (1) The apex of this kind of literature was attained in the years 1808 and 1809, but the interest for this kind of reading went as far as 1815, when Napoleon at last left the stage of European politics. The long list of titles advertised in the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro by book dealers, more than a hundred, allows us to measure the effort dispended in the anti-Napoleonic propaganda, certainly because the enlightened Brazilian elite had been attracted to French ideas since late eighteenth century. As the Portuguese diplomatic representative in London acknowledged in 1807 to Canning, minister of Foreign Affairs, “the poison of Jacobinism” had somehow entered the blood of Brazil’s inhabitants. (2) Most of these pamphlets were against the French emperor and his family; others soiled the image of well known generals of the Napoleonic Army; and finally some attacked the French in general. We may question whether Brazil required this propaganda. In Portugal, where the clergy declaimed in the pulpit against the invaders who desecrated their churches and robbed their silver, it served the purpose of creating an incipient form of nationalism. Brazil was far away from the war scenery and if an antagonism was growing in some groups of Brazilian society it was against the British, their main competitors in international trade since 1808, when Brazilian ports were opened, and mostly since the 1810 treaties which threatened the slave trade, the most vital issue in Brazilian society. We may phrase this idea as follows: if a propaganda was needed, it was in favour of the British, not against Napoleon. I must here recall the British strategies towards the Portuguese colony in America. Even before the prince regent’s departure from Lisbon, Strangford in the Portuguese Court and Canning in London thought in terms of a new market for English goods. The secret convention signed in October 22, 1807, asked for a free port in Santa Catarina or in another Brazilian port, and it also demanded that as soon as the Portuguese Court was established in Rio de Janeiro a treaty on commerce and alliance should be signed. (3) A new market for English merchants was opened with the royal charter signed in Bahia January 28, 1808. Though the trade permission was given to any nation in peace with the Portuguese crown, at that moment only British merchants benefited from that measure. (4) The mercantile group in Bahia immediately reacted against this concurrence and sent a petition to D. João in which they ask a rethorical question: “Why are they not coming to participate in the hard work in the agriculture and want only the privilege of commerce?”. They argued that commerce only brought advantage to the nation which received money in exchange, not merchandise, which was the case with the British who sold much and bought very little. The Bahian merchants asked D. João not to allow the establishment of foreigners with houses of commerce in Brazil, because this permission would mean the conquest of Brazil “without blood effusion”. (5) The merchants in Rio de Janeiro addressed a similar petition to the prince regent. (6) Between social conservatism and political innovation in Portugal While in Brazil the first reactions were against the British seen as competitors and oppressors of local trade, and besides the French army landing in the Brazilian coast was not feared, in Portugal the situation was a much more complex one. Not only Junot chose Portuguese members of the elite for the new Council of Government, but also part of the military nobility joined the Napoleonic Army and fought in Europe. Some nobles accepted the idea of having Junot as king of Portugal, if the social status quo was maintained and they kept their privileges. On the other hand a group of magistrates and men of letters asked Napoleon for a Constitution and a constitutional king, preferably a prince from the imperial family. They would be happy with a Constitution similar to the one given to the Warsaw duchy, with one single change in the way of the national representatives’ election. Legislative power should be divided in two chambers; and judicial power should be independent and ruled by Napoleon Code. This Constitution was expected to change some cultural and social aspects in Portugal. Though it should declare Catholicism as the State religion, all cults should be “free, public and tolerated”. A free press was asked for. Equality before the law and abolition of the legal privileges of the nobles were demanded. Property of the Church should be put on sale. Taxes should be proportional to the revenues and applied to all inhabitants. The administration of the French empire appeared to this Portuguese intellectual elite as a model of organization and the number of civil servants should be reduced in Portugal. The statute of colonies should be changed into provinces or departments of the Portuguese kingdom and their representatives should take place in the Assembly as soon as the Constitution was given by Napoleon. For these men Napoleon appeared as the leader who could change the Portuguese Old Regime. The words in praise of the emperor remembered to the Portuguese people the “paternal protection offered to them by the greatest monarch the world had ever seen”. That is why this representation ended with the words: “Salve Napoleon the Great! Salve his dynasty!”. (7) In the short period between Junot’s arrival in Lisbon, November 30, 1807, and June 1808, when the movement against French occupation irrupted in Oporto, two distinct forms of acceptance of the French presence in Portugal could be detected: one of them supported Junot as their future king and wanted the maintenance of the social statu quo ; the other thought that a deep political and social change could be attained with the Napoleonic lineage and a Constitution. Measures of safety in Rio de Janeiro When the Royal Press was created May 13, 1808, it remained under the supervision of the secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and War, D. Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, and he sought to control information through the Police intendant Paulo Fernandes Viana. This control was exerted over printed material and people, and as soon as May 28, 1809, the intendant wrote to the Customs judge alerting him against a paperback book and the advertisement of this work that was to be put in the street corners of the city. The copies of the book should remain in secrecy at the Customs deposit and not be divulged, though there was already a rumour that two copies had been diverted from the judge guard. (8) A Police public note in May 30, 1809, confirmed the tight control over printed material and also its advertisement without the Intendancy knowledge and permission.(9) The Correio Brasiliense , a paper published in London by the Brazilian born freemason Hipólito da Costa, transcribed in 1812 a letter written from Rio de Janeiro in which there was a complaint that freedom of the press was in the new Court siege even more restricted than in Portugal. (10) As to the control over people, the Police intendant took this task firmly into his hands. When creating the Intendancy in May 10, 1808, the prince regent had declared that, although he wished the foreign presence in Brazil, due “to the difficult and critical circumstances of the time” there was to be “the greatest and tightest police” over those who arrived under the pretence of friendship and were in fact “true enemies and seducers”.