The Annals of Volume 69, Number 1 Iowa Winter 2010 A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF HISTORY In This Issue WILLIAM C. LOWE, dean and professor of history at Ashford Uni- versity in Clinton, Iowa, recounts the events surrounding the tour taken by Governor Cummins and other Iowa officials to dedicate Iowa’s new Civil War monuments at Andersonville and at the Civil War battlefield parks at Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and Shiloh. He also analyzes how the commemo- rations participated in prevailing ways of remembering the Civil War. BRUCE FEHN AND ROBERT JEFFERSON describe how the Des Moines chapter of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense emerged in 1968 out of African Americans’ efforts to survive and thrive under particular local conditions of racism, discrimination, and segregation. The authors conclude that the Black Panthers gave a radical shove to black politics but also drew on the support of traditional African American leaders and even some sympathetic members of the white community in Des Moines. Front Cover George Landers’s 55th Regimental Band, from Centerville, Iowa, poses in front of the Rossville Gap monument during the Civil War monument tour in 1906. (The drum logo still carried the band’s older designation as the 51st Regiment band. Iowa’s National Guard regiments were renumbered after federal service in the Spanish-American War, and the 51st became the 55th.) Landers is seated in the front row, fourth from the left (without in- strument). For more on the Civil War monument tour in 1906, see William Lowe’s article in this issue. Photo from State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines. Editorial Consultants Rebecca Conard, Middle Tennessee State R. David Edmunds, University of Texas University at Dallas Kathleen Neils Conzen, University of H. Roger Grant, Clemson University Chicago William C. Pratt, University of Nebraska William Cronon, University of Wisconsin– at Omaha Madison Glenda Riley, Ball State University Robert R. Dykstra, State University of Malcolm J. Rohrbough, University of Iowa New York at Albany Dorothy Schwieder, Iowa State University The Annals of Third Series, Vol. 69, No. 1 Winter 2010 Iowa Marvin Bergman, editor Contents 1 “A Grand and Patriotic Pilgrimage”: The Iowa Civil War Monuments Dedication Tour of 1906 William C. Lowe 51 North Side Revolutionaries in the Civil Rights Struggle: The African American Community in Des Moines and the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, 1948–1970 Bruce Fehn and Robert Jefferson 82 The “Interior Tradition in American History: A Review Essay by Jon Lauck 94 Book Reviews and Notices 113 New on the Shelves 121 Announcement A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF HISTORY FOUNDED IN 1863 Copyright 2010 by the State Historical Society of Iowa ISSN 0003-4827 Review Essay 82 DAVID S. BROWN, Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing, by Jon Lauck Book Reviews and Notices 94 ZACHARY MICHAEL JACK., ED., Iowa — The Definitive Collection: Classic and Contemporary Readings by Iowans, about Iowans, by Tom Morain 96 WALTER NUGENT, Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion RICHARD KLUGER, Seizing Destiny: The Relentless Expansion of American Territory by Kim M. Gruenwald 99 JAMES Z. SCHWARTZ, Conflict on the Michigan Frontier: Yankee and Borderland Cultures, 1815–1840, by Andrew Cayton 100 RODNEY O. DAVIS AND DOUGLAS L. WILSON, EDS., The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, by Brian Dirck 101 ROBERT E. MCGLONE, John Brown’s War against Slavery, by Galin Berrier 103 WILLIAM E. LASS, Navigating the Missouri: Steamboating on Nature’s Highway, 1819–1935, by Annalies Corbin 104 REGINALD HORSMAN, Feast or Famine: Food and Drink in American Westward Expansion, by Lori Ann Lahlum 106 ROBERT C. WILLGING, On the Hunt: The History of Deer Hunting in Wisconsin, by Gordon O. Hendrickson 108 RONALD L. LEWIS, Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields, by Ron Roberts 109 JOHN R. MCKIVIGAN, Forgotten Firebrand: James Redpath and the Making of Nineteenth-Century America, by Mark Wahlgren Summers 111 DEAN HULSE, Westhope: Life as a Former Farm Boy, by Zachary Michael Jack Editor’s Perspective THE TWO FEATURE ARTICLES in this issue may seem to represent an odd pairing: an article on an official tour in 1906 of newly placed monuments on Civil War battlefields and a South- ern Civil War prisoner-of-war camp is followed by an article on Black Panthers in Des Moines in the late 1960s. It is my hope that reading both articles together may spark for some readers some reflections that go beyond what either article on its own might provoke. As we approach the 150th anniversary of the American Civil War, it is instructive (as I wrote in one of these columns for a special Civil War issue in 2007) to recall how Iowans commem- orated the war a century ago. While nearly everyone agreed that the war and the soldiers who fought in it should be memo- rialized, there was not, as William Lowe points out in his article in this issue, universal agreement about the meaning that should be attached to the memorials. In general, however, there was a tendency — in the interest of sectional reconciliation — to minimize the issue of race when reflecting on the meaning of the war. That failure to deal adequately with matters of race left a troubling legacy — one that continued to haunt the nation, and particularly its urban centers, throughout the remainder of the twentieth century and beyond. For most of the century, voices from African American institutions such as the NAACP and black churches had advocated for civil rights. But, as Bruce Fehn and Robert Jefferson show in their article in this issue on the Black Panther Party in Des Moines, even Iowa’s cities were not exempt from the upheaval that emerged in the 1960s when more radical voices expressed impatience with the failure to make substantive progress in the struggle to address the na- tion’s racial problems. The election of a biracial president — an election given a significant boost by Iowa’s prominent role in the presidential campaign — has not ended America’s long conversation about race, even if some think it has (while others hope that it could be the beginning of a more honest, more fruitful conversation). It is my hope that the two articles in this issue of the Annals of Iowa can make a small contribution to that ongoing conversation. —Marvin Bergman, editor “A Grand and Patriotic Pilgrimage”: The Iowa Civil War Monuments Dedication Tour of 1906 WILLIAM C. LOWE OVER THE PAST DECADE AND A HALF, the American Civil War has followed World War I and the Holocaust into what historian Jay Winter has labeled the “Memory Boom.”1 Historians, sociologists, geographers, and other scholars have shown increasing interest in how the memory of the war has been shaped by a variety of influences and commemorative practices.2 The current historiography of Civil War memory is dominated by David Blight’s Race and Reunion, which stresses the extent to which in the post-Reconstruction era the memory of the war was shaped by a powerful impulse towards recon- I thank the State Historical Society of Iowa for a 2006–7 Research Grant and Ashford University for a sabbatical leave during spring semester 2007. I am also grateful to the editor of The Annals of Iowa and the journal’s anonymous readers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. 1. Jay Winter, “The Memory Boom in Contemporary Historical Studies,” Rari- tan 21 (2001), 52–66. See also the introduction to Winter’s Remembering War: The Great War between History and Memory in the Twentieth Century (New Ha- ven, CT, 2006), 1–13, where he notes that the term “collective memory” has become so elastic as to lose much of its usefulness; he prefers the term “collec- tive remembrance” to denote “what groups of people do when they act in public to conjure up the past” (5). 2. See the works discussed in Matthew J. Grow, “The Shadow of the Civil War: A Historiography of Civil War Memory,” American Nineteenth-Century History 4 (2003), 77–103; and Christopher Waldrep, “Memory, History, and the Mean- ing of the Civil War: A Review Essay,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 102 (2004), 383–402. THE ANNALS OF IOWA 69 (Winter 2010). © The State Historical Society of Iowa, 2010. 1 2 THE ANNALS OF IOWA ciliation by white northerners and white southerners, a process that overwhelmed any tendency to remember the war in what Blight calls “emancipationist” terms. The latter remained alive mainly in the African American community.3 The tendency to cast the war’s remembrance in terms of a tension between eman- cipation and reconciliation is perhaps further strengthened by the growing body of evidence in writing on the war itself that stresses the degree to which soldiers on both sides saw slavery in one way or another as being central to the war’s purpose.4 One source commonly used for the study of remembrance is the monument, a cultural artifact that embodies a direct attempt by the present to determine how the future will remember the past. Scholars have established the overall pattern of Civil War memorialization, with particular emphasis on the prevalence of the private (white) soldier as the dominant figurative form and the role of monument building in fostering the Lost Cause in the postwar South.5 Although often mentioning the states, his- torians have paid relatively little explicit attention to the role of state governments in shaping Civil War commemoration.6 Iowa, like many northern states, dedicated monuments to its troops on Civil War battlefields, though it did so later than many and appears to have been unique in doing so as part of a single tour.