FREE SCORPION RULES PDF Erin Bow | none | 22 Sep 2015 | Simon & Schuster Export | 9781481461061 | English | United States Scorpion Solitaire - Rules and strategy tips Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs and are easily recognized by the pair of grasping pedipalps and the narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back, ending with Scorpion Rules venomous sting. The evolutionary history of scorpions goes back to the Silurian Scorpion Rules million years ago. They have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, and they can now be found on all continents except Antarctica. There are about 1, described specieswith 13 extant living families recognised to date. Their taxonomy is being revised in the light of genomic studies. The vast majority do not represent a serious threat to humans, and healthy Scorpion Rules usually do not need medical treatment after Scorpion Rules stung. Only about 25 species have venom capable of killing a human. In some parts of the world with highly venomous species, human fatalities regularly occur, Scorpion Rules in areas with Scorpion Rules access to medical treatment. Scorpions with their powerful sting appear in art, folklore, mythology and numerous brands. Scorpion motifs are woven Scorpion Rules kilim carpets for protection. Scorpio is the name Scorpion Rules a constellation and the corresponding astrological sign ; a classical myth tells how Scorpion Rules giant scorpion and its enemy, Orionbecame constellations on opposite sides of the sky. The name has been used for a Roman siege engineseveral warshipsa type of tankand a yoga pose with the legs pointing forwards over Scorpion Rules head, like the animal's tail. Scorpion fossils have been found in many strata, including marine Silurian and estuarine Devonian deposits, coal deposits from the Carboniferous Period and in amber. Whether the early scorpions were marine Scorpion Rules terrestrial has been Scorpion Rules, though they had book lungs like modern terrestrial Scorpion Rules. Unlike present day scorpions, but like its marine ancestors, it had compound eyes. The Scorpiones are a Scorpion Rules of pulmonate Arachnida within the Chelicerataa subphylum of Arthropoda that contains sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and terrestrial animals without book-lungs such as ticks and harvestmen. Pycnogonida sea spiders. Xiphosura horseshoe crabs. Araneae spiders. Pedipalpi whip scorpionsetc. The internal phylogeny of the scorpions has been debated, [6] but Scorpion Rules analysis consistently places the Bothriuridae as sister to a clade consisting of Scorpionoidea and " Chactoidea ". The scorpions diversified between the Devonian and the early Carboniferous. The main division is into the clades Scorpion Rules and Iurida. The Bothriuridae diverged starting before temperate Gondwana broke up into separate land masses, completed by the Jurassic. The Iuroidea and Chactoidea are both seen not to be single clades, and are shown as " paraphyletic " with quotation marks in this cladogram. Carl Linnaeus described six species of scorpion Scorpion Rules his genus Scorpio in and ; three of these Scorpion Rules now considered valid and are called Scorpio maurusAndroctonus australisand Euscorpius carpathicus ; the other three are dubious names. He placed the scorpions among his "Insecta aptera" wingless insectsa group that included Crustacea, Arachnida and Myriapoda. More recently, thirteen families and about 1, species and subspecies of scorpions have been described. The extant taxa Scorpion Rules the rank of family numbers of species in parentheses [22] are:. Scorpions are found on all major land masses except Antarctica. The diversity of scorpions is greatest in subtropical areas; it decreases towards both the poles and the equator, though scorpions are found in the tropics. Scorpions did not occur naturally in Great BritainNew Zealand and some of the islands in Oceaniabut have now been accidentally introduced into these places by humans. Scorpions are xerocolesScorpion Rules they primarily live in deserts, but they can be found in virtually every terrestrial habitat including high-elevation mountains, caves, and intertidal zones. However, they are largely absent from boreal ecosystems such as the tundrahigh-altitude taigaand mountain tops. Some species, such as Vaejovis janssiare versatile and are found in every type of habitat in Baja Californiawhile others such as Euscorpius carpathicusendemic to the littoral zone of rivers in Romania, occupy specialized niches. The body of a scorpion is divided into two parts or tagmata : the cephalothorax or prosomaand the abdomen or opisthosoma. The cephalothorax comprises the carapaceeyes, chelicerae mouth partspedipalps which have chelaecommonly called claws or pincers and four pairs of walking Scorpion Rules. Scorpions have two eyes on the top of the cephalothorax, and usually two to five pairs of eyes along the front corners of the cephalothorax. While Scorpion Rules to form sharp images, their central eyes are amongst the Scorpion Rules light sensitive Scorpion Rules the animal kingdom, especially in dim light, and makes it possible for nocturnal species to use starlight to navigate at night. Some species also have light receptors in their tail. They are pincer-like and have three segments and sharp "teeth". This may be a " primitive " trait. The pedipalp is a segmented, clawed appendage used for prey immobilization, defense and sensory purposes. The segments of the pedipalp from closest Scorpion Rules the body outwards are coxa, trochanter, femur humeruspatella, tibia including the fixed claw and the manus and tarsus moveable claw. Scorpion Rules scorpion has darkened or granular raised linear ridges, called "keels" or carinae on the pedipalp segments and on Scorpion Rules parts of the body; these are useful taxonomically. The legs are covered in proprioceptorsbristles and sensory setae. The mesosoma or preabdomen is the broad part of the opisthosoma. Ventrallysomites 3 to 7 are armoured with matching plates called sternites. The ventral side of somites 1 has a pair of genital Scorpion Rules covering the gonopore. Sternite 2 forms the basal plate Scorpion Rules the pectines. The next four somites, 3 Scorpion Rules 6, all bear pairs of spiracles. They serve as openings for the scorpion's respiratory organs, known as book lungs. The spiracle openings may be slits, circular, elliptical or oval according to the species. Bristles hold the lamellae apart. A muscle opens the spiracle and widens the atrial chamber; dorsoventral muscles contract to compress the pulmonary chamber, forcing air out, and relax to allow the Scorpion Rules to refill. The mesosoma contains the heart or "dorsal vessel" which is the center of the scorpion's open circulatory system. The heart is continuous with a deep arterial system which spreads throughout the body. Sinuses return deoxygenated hemolymph to the heart; the hemolymph is re-oxygenated by cardiac pores. The mesosoma also contains the reproductive Scorpion Rules. The female gonads are made of three or four tubes that run parallel to each other and are connected by two to four transverse anastomoses. These tubes are the sites for both oocyte formation and embryonic development. They connect to two oviducts which connect to a single atrium leading to the genital Scorpion Rules. Both tubes end in a spermiductone on each side of the mesosoma. They connect to glandular symmetrical structures called paraxial organs, which end at the genital orifice. These secrete chitin-based structures which come together to form the spermatophore. The "tail" or metasoma consists of five segments and the telsonnot strictly a segment. The five segments are merely body rings; they lack apparent sterna or terga, and become larger distally. These segments have keels, setae and bristles which may be used for taxonomic classification. The anus is at the distal and ventral end of the last segment, and is encircled by four anal papillae and the anal arch. The telson includes the vesiclewhich contains a symmetrical pair of venom glands. Externally it bears the Scorpion Rules stingthe hypodermic aculeus, equipped with sensory hairs. Each of the venom glands has its own duct to convey its secretion Scorpion Rules the aculeus from the bulb of the gland to immediately subterminal of the point of the aculeus, where each of the paired Scorpion Rules has its own venom pore. Scorpions that live outside deserts prefer lower temperatures. The ability to resist cold may be related to the increase Scorpion Rules the sugar trehalose when the temperature drops. Scorpions may also hibernate. Desert scorpions have several adaptations for water conservation. They excrete insoluble compounds such Scorpion Rules xanthineguanineand uric acidnot requiring water for their removal from the body. Guanine is Scorpion Rules main component and maximizes the amount of nitrogen excreted. A scorpion's cuticle holds in moisture via lipids and waxes from epidermal glands, Scorpion Rules protects against ultraviolet radiation. Even when dehydrated, a scorpion can tolerate high osmotic ion concentrations in its hemolymph. Scorpions may be attacked by other arthropods like ants, spiders, solifugids and centipedes. Major predators include frogs, lizards, snakes, birds and mammals. When threatened, a scorpion raises its claws and tail in a defensive posture. Some species stridulate to warn off predators by rubbing certain hairs, the sting or the claws. Scorpion Rules