WT/TPR/S/345/Rev.1 6 December 2016 (16-6657) Page: 1/173 Trade Policy Review Body TRADE POLICY REVIEW REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT RUSSIAN FEDERATION Revision This report, prepared for the first Trade Policy Review of the Russian Federation, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from the Russian Federation on its trade policies and practices. Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Mr. John Finn (Tel: 022 739 5081), Mr. Ricardo Barba (Tel: 022 739 5088), Mr. Peter Milthorp (Tel: 022 739 5016) and Mr. Rosen Marinov (Tel: 022 739 6391). Document WT/TPR/G/345 contains the policy statement submitted by the Russian Federation. Note: This report was drafted in English. WT/TPR/S/345/Rev.1 • Russian Federation - 2 - CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 8 1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 13 1.1 Main Features of the Economy .....................................................................................13 1.2 Recent Economic Developments ...................................................................................14 1.3 Trade and Investment Performance ................................................................................18 1.3.1 Trade in goods and services ........................................................................................18 1.3.2 Foreign direct investment ...........................................................................................21 1.4 Outlook .......................................................................................................................23 2 TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIME ............................................................................ 25 2.1 General Framework ....................................................................................................25 2.2 Trade Policy Formulation .............................................................................................26 2.3 Policy Objectives ........................................................................................................28 2.4 Trade Agreements and Arrangements ...........................................................................28 2.4.1 WTO ......................................................................................................................28 2.4.2 Regional trade agreements .......................................................................................31 2.4.2.1 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) ............................................................................32 2.4.3 Other arrangements .................................................................................................35 2.5 Investment Regime ....................................................................................................35 2.6 Starting a Business .....................................................................................................38 3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE ........................................................ 41 3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports ..............................................................................41 3.1.1 Customs procedures and requirements .......................................................................41 3.1.2 Customs valuation ...................................................................................................43 3.1.3 Rules of origin .........................................................................................................44 3.1.4 Tariffs ....................................................................................................................45 3.1.4.1 Bound tariffs ........................................................................................................45 3.1.4.2 Applied tariffs .......................................................................................................46 3.1.4.3 Preferential tariffs .................................................................................................48 3.1.5 Other charges affecting imports .................................................................................50 3.1.6 Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing ............................................................51 3.1.7 Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures ................................................55 3.1.8 Standards and other technical requirements ...............................................................58 3.1.8.1 Standards and technical requirements at the EAEU level ............................................58 3.1.8.2 Standards in the Russian Federation ........................................................................60 3.1.9 Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements ....................................................................62 3.2 Measures Directly Affecting Exports ..............................................................................66 3.2.1 Export procedures and requirements ..........................................................................66 3.2.2 Export taxes, charges, and levies ...............................................................................66 3.2.3 Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing .............................................................67 WT/TPR/S/345/Rev.1 • Russian Federation - 3 - 3.2.4 Export finance, insurance, and guarantees ..................................................................69 3.2.5 Export promotion and marketing assistance ................................................................75 3.3 Measures Affecting Production and Trade .......................................................................76 3.3.1 Taxes .....................................................................................................................76 3.3.1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................76 3.3.1.2 Consumption taxes ...............................................................................................76 3.3.1.3 Corporate taxes ....................................................................................................78 3.3.1.4 Tax incentives ......................................................................................................79 3.3.2 Incentives ...............................................................................................................80 3.3.2.1 General support programmes .................................................................................80 3.3.2.2 Special Economic Zones and other regional schemes .................................................84 3.3.3 State trading, state-owned enterprises, and privatization .............................................85 3.3.4 Competition policy and price controls .........................................................................87 3.3.5 Government procurement .........................................................................................90 3.3.5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................90 3.3.5.2 Legal framework ...................................................................................................91 3.3.5.3 General principles and buy-domestic requirements ....................................................92 3.3.5.4 Procurement methods and procedures .....................................................................93 3.3.5.5 Bid challenges review mechanism ...........................................................................96 3.3.5.6 International cooperation .......................................................................................97 3.3.6 Intellectual property rights ........................................................................................97 3.3.6.1 Overview .............................................................................................................97 3.3.6.2 IP legislation ........................................................................................................98 3.3.6.3 IP administrative and enforcement systems .............................................................99 3.3.6.4 Copyright and related rights ................................................................................. 102 3.3.6.5 Trademarks ........................................................................................................ 104 3.3.6.6 Patents .............................................................................................................. 105 3.3.6.7 Geographical indications ...................................................................................... 108 3.3.6.8 IP enforcement ................................................................................................... 109 4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR ................................................................................... 112 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ................................................................................ 112 4.1.1 Agriculture ...........................................................................................................