1884 Copy 2 _ ww® ;4r t w-' J t Class - ^_ Book_ f£7f BEQUEST OF ALBERT ADSIT CLEMONS (Not available for exchange) CA-b-L J IP t- -• A PRIMER OF American Literature. BY CHARLES F. RICHARDSON. New and Revised Edition, with Twelve Portraits of American Authors. TWENTY-FIRST THOUSAND BOSTON: HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY, 11 East Seventeenth Street, New York. ®Ije Ifttbersitie press, (Eatn&rtKge. 1884. Copyright, 1878 and 1883, By CHARLES F. RICHARDSON. All rights reserved. Bequest Albert Adsit Clemons Aug. 24, 1938 (Not available for exchange) RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. 1620-1775. PAGE 1. The Beginning.7 2. The Theological Era.9 3. Increase and Cotton Mather . .10 4. Eliot’s Indian Bible.12 5. Roger Williams.13 6. Minor Writers of the Seventeenth Century 14 7. Yale College.15 8. Jonathan Edwards.16 9. The Followers of Edwards . 17 10. Benjamin Franklin.18 11. Franklin as a Writer.20 12. Franklin as a Scientist and Diplomatist. 21 13. Minor Writers of the Eighteenth Century 21 CHAPTER II. I775-I8i2. 1. The Revolutionary Period.23 2. George Washington as a Writer . .24 3. Thomas Jefferson.24 4. The Federalist.25 IV CONTENTS. PAGE 5. Thomas Paine.26 6. Poets.27 7. The First Novelist.28 8. Historians and Other Writers . .28 CHAPTER III. 1812-1861. 1. Theological Changes.30 2. William Ellery Channing.32 3. Other Theological Writers .... 34 4. The Knickerbocker School.38 5. Washington Irving.38 6. James Kirke Paulding.43 7. Joseph Rodman Drake.44 8. Fitz-Greene Halleck.45 9. Other Early Poets.46 10. William Cullen Bryant.48 11. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . 50 12. Longfellow’s Poems.52 13. Longfellow’s Prose Works .... 54 14. Longfellow’s Dante.55 15. John Greenleaf Whittier.55 16. Holmes’s Poems.58 17. Holmes’s Prose Works.59 18. James Russell Lowell.60 19. Edgar Allan Poe.63 20. Other Poets.63 21. Orators.66 22. Historians.66 23. Richard Hildreth.66 24. George Bancroft.67 25. John Gorham Palfrey.68 CONTENTS. V • PAGE 26. William Hickling Prescott.68 27. John Lothrop Motley.69 28. Other Historians,.70 29. Travellers.7I 30. Fiction — James Fenimore Cooper . .71 31. Nathaniel Hawthorne.74 32. Other Novelists.77 33. Emerson and the Concord Authors . 79 34. Miscellaneous Writers.82 35. Scientific and Special Writers ... 84 CHAPTER IV. AFTER l86l. 1. Literature of the Civil War . .86 2. Poets.88 3. Bayard Taylor.89 4. Richard Henry Stoddard.90 5. John Godfrey Saxe.90 6. John Townsend Trowbridge .... 91 7. Walt Whitman.91 8. Joaquin Miller.92 9. Francis Bret Harte.93 10. John Hay.'93 11. Thomas Bailey Aldrich.94 12. Edmund Clarence Stedman .... 95 13. The Piatts.96 14. Other Poets.97 15. William Dean Howells.98 16. Theodore Winthrop.100 17. Edward Eggleston.100 18. Julian Hawthorne.101 19. Henry James, Jr.101 VI CONTENTS. PAGE 20. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.102 21. Louisa May Alcott.103 22. Harriet Prescott Spofford .... 103 23. Other Novelists.103 24. American Humor.105 25. Charles Dudley Warner.108 26. James Parton . • 108 27. Edward E. Hale.109 28. Thomas Wentworth Higginson . 109 29. Miscellaneous Writers.no PORTRAITS. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ..... i John Greenleaf Whittier . 56 Oliver Wendell Holmes .58 James Russell Lowell .60 James Fenimore Cooper . .72 Nathaniel Hawthorne .74 Harriet Beecher Stowe . 78 Ralph Waldo Emerson .80 Thomas Bailey Aldrich .94 William Dean Howells . .98 Henry James, Jr. .102 Charles Dudley Warner . • • • • 108 A PRIMER OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. CHAPTER I. 1620-1775. 1. The Beginning.—As soon as the English colonists landed on American shores, at James¬ town and Plymouth, they began to think of the establishment of schools of sound learning: in Vir¬ ginia for the purpose of educating the Indians, and in Massachusetts Bay for the supply of church pastors. By 1619 the proposed Virginia university possessed, as gifts from English donors, fifteen thousand acres of land and fifteen hundred pounds in money, and its early establishment at Henrico, on the James River, was prevented only by a gen¬ eral Indian massacre on March 22, 1622, when three hundred and forty persons, including the su¬ perintendent of the university, lost their lives. Nothing further was done toward establishing a Virginia college until 1660, and the College of 8 A PRIMER OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. William and Mary, the outcome of the original idea, did not receive its charter until 1693. The Puritans of Massachusetts were more fortunate and more prudent than the Cavaliers of Virginia, for they suffered no loss by any extensive massacre, and they depended upon themselves instead of looking for help from England, where, indeed, they had few friends. Their “ school or college ” at Newtown (Cambridge) was begun in 1636 with only four hundred pounds in money, but two years later it received a sum amounting, it is supposed, to seven or eight hundred pounds, together with a respectable library, by the will of John Harvard, the young Charlestown minister whose name Har¬ vard University now bears. From that time its income was small but sure, and its existence during the latter part of the seventeenth century did much to give Massachusetts the literary start which the greater wealth and the imported instructors of the Virginia institution could not offset. In both colo¬ nies, however, schools, and their inevitable result, book-making, appeared with creditable promptness; and those colonists who first taught or wrote have their posthumous reward in the most vigorous off¬ shoot that the literature of any nation has ever been able to put forth. American literature has a right to a share in the heritage of the countrymen of Caedmon and Chaucer and Shakespeare; but its enforced independence and its familiarity with THE THEOLOGICAL ERA. 9 new surroundings have given it character and deserts of its own. 2. The Theological Era.— At the outset Amer¬ ican literature was imitative ; the first writers were of English birth and education, and the early col¬ leges were closely fashioned after the Oxford and Cambridge pattern, in which divinity and the “hu¬ manities ” held the first place. The settlers of Massachusetts were men who had fought and suf¬ fered for their religious opinions, and they naturally held them with considerable firmness, as opposed to the Church of England on the one hand, and the Baptists and Quakers on the other. So long as the influence of the Puritans and their descendants was predominant, it was natural that the affairs of the soul should be uppermost; and not until politics began to interest the colonists in a vital manner did religious books and tracts cease to form the bulk of the issues of the press. Novels and plays were unknown ; poetry was didactic, devotional, or satiri¬ cal ; histories were prejudiced by the theological opinions of their writers; and philosophy became an important study only as a means of religious defence. One of the very first issues of the print¬ ing-press set up at Cambridge in 1639 was the Bay Psalm Book, a metrical version mainly written by New England divines. This was the first book written and printed at home, for though George Sandys, an English gentleman connected with the 10 A PRIMER OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Virginia company, had made, on the banks of the James River, a tolerable translation of Ovid, he printed it in London. 3. Increase and Cotton Mather.— Nearly every minister who had anything to say and the means of getting it printed wrote a pamphlet or two. The titles were often of great length. The Application of Rede77iption by the Effectual Work of the Word a7id Spirit of Christ was as brief as the average; and the interest excited in such works is shown by the fact that this treatise reached a sec¬ ond edition after the death of the author, the Rev. Thomas Hooker, the founder of Hartford. Of all the theological writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Increase Mather and his son Cotton were the most voluminous. The publica¬ tions of the former numbered eighty-five, and of the latter no less than three hundred and eighty-two. Increase Mather was born at Dorchester, and grad¬ uated at Harvard in 1656, though he deemed an additional European training necessary, and took a degree at Dublin two years later. He was presi¬ dent of Harvard between 1685 and 1701, and had some success in his efforts to be preacher, diplomat, and educator at the same time. His writings have little literary value. Cotton Mather inherited all his father’s zeal, together with the bookish tastes of his grandfather, John Cotton, of the First Church in Boston. Cotton Mather graduated at Harvard in INCREASE AND COTTON MATHER. II 1678, and, having overcome a painful habit of stam¬ mering, became his father’s colleague in the North Church, Boston, in 1684. The youth was then only twenty-one years of age, but his head had been crammed with as much knowledge as John Milton’s. At twelve he was well along in Hebrew, and had mastered the leading Latin and Greek authors; and his daily life was from the first a wonderful piece of systematic machinery. Mather was a firm supporter of the doctrines of extreme Calvinistic theology, and to him devils and angels were as real as his own family. In witchcraft he fully believed, in common with most of the wise men of his time; and his first important book, Memorable Providences relating to Witchcraft, appeared in 1689, three years before the Salem executions, which Mather justified.