Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 12-2006 WORLD REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIAENODES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE) Junmi Hur Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Hur, Junmi, "WORLD REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIAENODES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE)" (2006). All Dissertations. 5. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/5 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIAENODES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE) A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Entomology by Jun Mi Hur December 2006 Accepted by: John C. Morse, Committee Chair Peter H. Adler Matthew W. Turnbull Kjer M. Karl ABSTRACT One genus, Triaenodes of the long-horned caddisfly family Leptoceridae includes approximately 245 species globally and is cosmopolitan in distribution, occurring in all major faunal regions. The species of the genus, along with other species of caddisflies, are especially sensitive to pollution and are used by developed countries to monitor water quality. Two hundred twenty-one species are reviewed and an additional 9 species are new to science. Twenty-six species groups are recognized in these subgenera of Triaenodes. The genus Triaenodes is divided here into seven monophyletic subgenera. The subgenus Ylodes Milne, 1934, has 15 species distributed in the Australasian, East and West Palearctic, and Nearctic regions, but not reviewed (see the “Checklist and Classification of World Triaenodes” section at the end of Chapter III). The new subgenus Nototriaena has 24 species distributed in only the Neotropical region. The new subgenus Neotriaena has 18 species distributed in only the Australasian region. The subgenus Austrotriaena Yang and Morse, 1993, has 10 species distributed in the Australasian and Oriental regions. The new subgenus Microtriaena has 6 species distributed in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Nearctic regions. The subgenus Triaenodella Mosely, 1932a, has 57 species distributed worldwide except the Neotropical region. The subgenus Triaenodes Mclachlan, 1865b, has 92 species distributed worldwide except the Neotropical region. A phylogeny and classification is provided for 203 species in this work, based mainly on morphological characters of the male genitalia. A phylogeny and classification of the subgenus Ylodes is not included. Keys are provided for the diagnosis of males of all Triaenodes species except those of Ylodes and some nomina dubia, for which the description of the males are inadequate for diagnosis. iii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to people who have encouraged and supported my study at Clemson University: my sister, Jun A Hur; my fiancé, Chang Suk Lee; my parents, Ok Hur and Sung Bun Lee; and my adoptive grandparents Jim and Mary Dusenberry. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am especially grateful to my advisor, Dr. John C. Morse, for his myriad of help throughout my graduate career in Clemson University. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Peter H. Adler, Dr. Kjer M. Karl, and Dr. Matthew W. Turnbull for their guidance of my academic pursuits and encouragement and patience over four years. I thank the people listed in Chapter II who allowed me to borrow specimens, especially Dr. R. Marchant and Mr. Peter Lillywhite at Museum Victoria (Melbourne), Mr. David Goodger at The Natural History Museum (London) and Dr. Philip D. Perkins at Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University) who allowed me to borrow a large number of specimens and to work at their laboratories, and Dr. Oliver S. Flint and his wife Mrs. Carol Flint who provided me generous hospitality during my visits at the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, D. C.). Also, I would like to thank David E. Ruiter, in Colorado, U.S.A., and Dr. Trond Andersen at Museum of Zoology (University of Bergen, Norway) who willingly loaned specimens from their personal collections. I sincerely thank Dr. Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Editor, Entomological News, and Dr. Wayne Gardner, Editor, Journal of Entomological Science (formerly Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society) for permission to include copyrighted illustrations Figures 4.22, 4.26 and 4.30 in my dissertation. Finally, the support of Dr. Arturs Neboiss is greatly acknowledged. He has been generous with sharing his drawings and notes of Australian Triaenodes species. Without their cooperation, this research would not have been possible. I received from Mr. Ken L. Manuel preliminary review of an upcoming publication describing Triaenodes new species A and T. new species C, as I described in this dissertation. I also had the opportunity to review his drawings (not included in this dissertation). I found these to be very helpful. vi Travel support provided by an E. W. King Endowed Memorial Grant (Entomology Graduate Program, Clemson University) and an Ernst Mayr Grant (Harvard University) is gratefully acknowledged. I express my thanks for family in the Clemson University Comparative Entomology Laboratory, C. J. Geraci, Ben Powell, Ian Stocks, James Korecki, Lauren Harvey, Michael Biondi, and Suvdtsetseg Chuluunbat who shared with me their warm hearts and their ideas and experiences. Special thanks go to Tatyana Vshivikova, Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Vladivostok, Russia, who kindly shared with me her enthusiasm about caddisflies and her friendship. Finally, I deeply appreciate Dr. Bae Yeon Jae, my MS advisor in Seoul Women’s University, Korea, for his emotional support and encouragement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE...................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. xv PREFACE........................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER I. REVIEW OF THE SYSTEMATICS BACKGROUND OF TRIAENODES SPECIES................................................................................. 1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 5 Morphological Terminology .............................................................................. 5 Specimen Examination....................................................................................... 8 Specimens Studied............................................................................................. 8 Phylogenetic Methodology and Classification................................................... 10 Formation of Species Descriptions..................................................................... 11 III. PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE TRIAENODES OF THE WORLD.......................................................... 14 Phylogeny of Genus Triaenodes ........................................................................ 14 Key to males of Subgenus of Triaenodes........................................................... 19 Key to males of Triaenodes (Neotriaena) species.............................................. 21 Key to males of Triaenodes (Austrotriaena) species ......................................... 24 Key to males of Triaenodes (Triaenodella) species........................................... 25 Key to males of Triaenodes (Microtriaena) species .......................................... 36 Key to males of Triaenodes (Triaenodes) species.............................................. 36 Key to males of Triaenodes species incertae sedis ............................................ 54 Checklist and Classification of World Triaenodes species ................................ 56 IV. SUBGENUS NOTOTRIAENA, NEW SUBGENUS ....................................... 69 V. SUBGENUS NEOTRIAENA, NEW SUBGENUS.......................................... 100 vii Table of Contents (Continued) Page VI. SUBGENUS AUSTROTRIAENA YANG AND MORSE, 1993 ..................... 125 VII. SUBGENUS TRIAENODELLLA MOSELY, 1932a....................................... 139 VIII. SUBGENUS MICROTRIAENA, NEW SUBGENUS ..................................... 214 IX. SUBGENUS TRIAENODES MCLACHLAN, 1865b..................................... 223 X. INCERTAE SEDIS......................................................................................... 340 XI. NOMINA DUBIA........................................................................................... 356 XII. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................. 364 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................