MARCH-APRIL 2013 MARCH-APRIL THE PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL OF THE U.S. ARMY March-April 2013 http://militaryreview.army.mil The Rise of the MachinesMachines p14p14 LieutenantLieutenant CColonelolonel DDouglasouglg as AA.. PrPryer,yey rr,, UU.S..SS. ArArmymym The Great Drone Debate p2 Amitai Etzioni Social Swarming p79 Major David Faggard, U.S. Air Force An Injury, Not A Disorder p96 Frank Ochberg, M.D. President Barack Obama presents the Medal of Honor to United States Army veteran, SSG Clinton L. Romesha, during a ceremony at the White House, 11 February 2013, for his heroic actions during a firefight at a remote outpost in Afghanistan. (U.S. Army, Leroy Council) PB-100-13-3/4 Headquarters, Department of the Army PIN: 103365-000 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited COMBINED ARMS CENTER, FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS Lieutenant General David G. Perkins FEATURED ARTICLES Commander, USACAC Commandant, CGSC COL John J. Smith Director and Editor in Chief 2 The Great Drone Debate Amitai Etzioni LTC James F. Lowe Executive Officer Drones are here to stay, and the arguments against their use have to be addressed. Editorial Staff 14 The Rise of the Machines Lieutenant Colonel Douglas A. Pryer, U.S. Army Marlys Cook, LTC, USA (Ret.) Managing Editor Employment of unmanned aerial vehicles in war carries costs that can have unforeseen strategic Peter D. Fromm, LTC, USA (Ret.) ramifications. Supervisory Editor John Garabedian Associate Editor 25 Applying Mission Command through the Operations Process Nancy Mazzia Lieutenant Colonel Michael Flynn, U.S. Army, Retired, and Lieutenant Colonel Chuck Schrankel, U.S. Books and Features Editor Army, Retired Julie Gunter Mission command and its associated framework, the operations process, are central concepts Visual Information Specialist that underpin how our Army fights. Linda Darnell Administrative Assistant Michael Serravo 33 The Officership Model: Exporting Leader Development to the Visual Information Specialist, Webmaster Force Major Todd Hertling, U.S. Army Editorial Board Members The U.S. Military Academy’s capstone course, Officership, can help rekindle the enthusiasm for leader development across the Army. MG Gordon B. Davis, Jr. Deputy Commanding General CSM Joe B. Parson Jr. 42 The Evolution of Mission Command in U.S. Army Doctrine, LD&E Command Sergeant Major Clinton J. Ancker, III, Director, 1905 to the Present Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate Robert Baumann, Director, Colonel Clinton J. Ancker, III, U.S. Army, Retired CGSC Graduate Program The basic ideas of mission command have evolved continuously, often reflecting combat COL Thomas C. Graves, Director, School of Advanced Military Studies experience. Gregory Fontenot, Director, University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies 53 Dynamics of Interagency Teams Lester W. Grau Foreign Military Studies Office Major General Raymond D. Barrett, U.S. Army, Retired John Pennington, Chief, Media Division, Leaders will be better equipped to manage teams if they understand the dynamic forces that bind Center for Army Lessons Learned them and tear them apart. Thomas Jordan, Director, Capability Development Integration Directorate COL Roderick M. Cox Director, Combat Studies Institute 62 Revisiting Persistent Engagement and Interagency Dennis Tighe, Deputy Director, Combined Arms Center-Training Collaboration Major Charles Malcolm Williams, U.S. Army Consulting Editors The Joint force must understand the importance of political causation in creating instability. Colonel Hertz Pires Do Nascimento Brazilian Army, Brazilian Edition LTC Claudio Antonio Mendoza Oyarce Chilean Army, Hispano-American Edition Front cover: An MQ-1C Gray Eagle unmanned aircraft makes its way down an airfield on Camp Taji, Iraq, before a surveillance mission in the Baghdad area. (U.S. Army photo by SPC Roland Hale) Headquarters, Department of the Army Military Review is a refereed journal that provides a forum U.S. Army Combined Arms Center for original thought and debate on the art and science of land Fort Leavenworth, Kansas warfare and other issues of current interest to the U.S. Army Volume XCIII — March-April 2013, No.2 and the Department of Defense. Military Review also supports website: http://militaryreview.army.mil the education, training, doctrine development, and integration email: [email protected] missions of the Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Professional Bulletin 100-13-3/4 Kansas. 70 Breaking the Kevlar Ceiling: A National Security Case for Full Gender Integration in the U.S. Army Major Jacqueline S.L. Escobar, U.S. Army It is a travesty for the best military in the wolrd not to include the perspective of half the nation's talent pool in its strategic decision making. 79 Social Swarming: Asymmetric Effects on Public Discourse in Future Conflict Major David Faggard, U.S. Air Force Cyber-based information warfare is built upon E-citizen soldiers using social swarming to overwhelm a system, a decision-maker, or a critical node. 89 Death from Above: UAVs and Losing Hearts and Minds Jeffrey A. Sluka, Ph.D. "The greatest, weirdest, coolest, hardware in the American aresenal" is probably undermining America's image abroad. 96 INSIGHTS: An Injury, Not a Disorder Frank Ochberg, M.D. The time is now to understand post-traumatic stress as an injury. 100 REVIEW ESSAY: The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War Daniel Paliwoda, Ph.D. Poland’s history may be tragic, but a doomed heroism distinguishes it. 107 BOOK REVIEWS: Contemporary Readings for the Military Professional 119 WE RECOMMEND 120 LETTERS The Secretary of the Army has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business as required by law of the depart­ ment. Funds for printing this publication were approved by the Secretary of the Army in accordance with the provisions of Army Regulation 25-30. Raymond T. Odierno Military Review presents professional information, but the views expressed herein are those of the authors, not the General, United States Army Department of Defense or its elements. The content does not necessarily reflect the official U.S. Army position and Chief of Staff does not change or supersede any information in other official U.S. Army publications. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and source documentation of material they provide. Military Review reserves the right to edit material. Official: Basis of official distribution is one per 10 officers for major commands, corps, divisions, major staff agencies, gar­ rison commands, Army schools, Reserve commands, and Cadet Command organizations; one per 25 officers for 0988604 medical commands, hospitals, and units; and one per five officers for Active and Reserve brigades and battalions, JOYCE E. MORROW based on assigned field grade officer strength. Military Review is available online at http://militaryreview.army.mil. Administrative Assistant to the Military Review (US ISSN 0026-4148) (USPS 123-830) is published bimonthly by the U.S. Army, CAC, Fort Secretary of the Army Leavenworth, KS 66027-1293. Paid subscriptions are available through the Superintendent of Documents for Authorization no. 1305102 $42 US/APO/FPO and $58.80 foreign addresses per year. Periodical postage paid at Leavenworth, KS, and ad­ ditional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Military Review, CAC, 290 Stimson Avenue, Unit 2, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-1254. The Great Drone Debate Amitai Etzioni nmanned aviation systems, popularly known as drones, are playing U an increased role in armed conflicts.1 They are used both for collect­ ing intelligence and for deploying lethal force. In 2007 there were 74 U.S. drone strikes in Afghanistan.2 That year, there were five strikes in Pakistan.3 By 2012, the American military was executing an average of 33 drone strikes per month in Afghanistan, and the total number in Pakistan has now surpassed 330.4 Recently the United States has proposed further expanding its deployment of drones, developing plans to set up additional Predator drone bases in Africa that would allow these drones to cover much of the Saharan region.5 Drones have been employed in multiple theaters of the counterterrorism campaign, including Yemen, Somalia, Iraq, and Libya. They are now included in the arsenal of many nations including Israel, China, and Iran. They have even been operated by a non-state actor, Hezbollah, which has flown at least two drones over Israel.6 Several nations are currently developing drones that will be able to carry out highly-specialized missions, for instance tiny drones able to enter constricted areas through narrow passages. If the American military continues to move away from deploying conventional forces on the ground (in Iraq and Afghanistan) to a “light footprint” strategy of “offshore balancing” (as employed in Libya), drones are likely to play an even more important role in future armed conflicts. Like other new armaments (e.g., long-range cruise missiles and high-altitude carpet bombing) the growing Amitai Etzioni is a professor of in- use of drones has triggered a considerable debate over the moral and legal ternational relations at George Washington University and author grounds on which they are used. This debate is next reviewed. of Hot Spots: American Foreign Pol- icy in a Post-Human-Rigid World. Excessive Collateral Damage? Critics argue that a large number of civilians, including women and PHOTO: An MQ-1C Gray Eagle unmanned aerial vehicle prepares children, are killed