e3 CIRCULATING COPY 84la ZA DESK Rteport No. BE RETURNED TO REPORTS Republic of Zambia TO Y- Sector Survey FILE C Agricultural and Rural (In Three Volumes) 12-19 VolumePublic Disclosure Authorized III: Annexes October 20, 1975 Division General Agriculture Office Eastern Africa Regional N Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the be u by recipients distribution and may document has a restricted Its 'contentsemyd o This of their official duties. in the Performance authorizationtsrano only without World Bank otherwise be disclosed CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$1 = Kwacha 0.64 Kwacha 1 (Kl) = US$1.56 Ngwee (n) 100 = Kwacha 1 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres 1 square kilometer (km2) = 100 ha = 247 acres = 0.386 square miles 1 kilometer (km) = 0.621 miles 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 lbs 1 metric ton (t) = 2,204.6 lbs 1 liter (1) = 2.116 US pints 1 bag maize = 90 kg 1 bag groundnuts = 80 kg ABBREVIATIONS AFC - Agricultural Finance Corporation CIMMYT - International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (Centro Interracional de Mejoramiento de Maiz et Trigo) CSB - Cold Storage Board IDZ - Intensive Development Zone LANDSAT - Satellite undertaking program of land resource photography (formerly ERTS) MLNR - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MRD - Ministry of Rural Development NAMB - National Agricultural Marketing Board SNDP - Second National Development Plan (1972-76) RGA - Rural Growth Area RGC - Rural Growth Center RRP - Rural Reconstruction Program TAZARA - Tanzania-Zambia Railway UNIP - United National Independence Party ZliS - Zambia National Service This report is based on the findings of two missions which visited Zambia in September/October and November/December 1974 composed of Messrs. J.H.' Cleave, C.R. Blitzer, H.M. Kim, W.A. McCleary, Miss F.F., Johansen, Messrs. G.B. Nkojo, J.F.A. Russell, and M.A. Wolf (of the Bank) and Messrs. R. Ambroggi (UNDP), W.O. Jones, R.C.E. Kapteyn, J.C.D. Lawrance (MOD), and E.H. McCauley (Consultants). ZAMBIA AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL SECTOR SURVEY VOLUME III TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNEX 12 - Transportation in Agricultural Development Appendix I: Tables Appendix II: Roads Department Organization ANNEX 13 - Performance and Prospects in Crop Agriculture ANNEX 14 - Water Resources: Potential, Use and Development Appendix I: List of Useful Documents Appendix II: Estimated Water Resources Appendix III: Yearly Rainfall Pattern (July 1970-June 1971) Appendix IV: Long-Term Rainfall Distribution Appendix V: Groundwater Occurrence and Discharge Data Appendix VI: Groundwater Extraction Through Boreholes Appendix VII: Theoretical Water Losses Appendix VIII: Hydropower Capacity and Production, 1973 Appendix IX: Domestic Water Supply, 1973 Appendix X: Water Supply Responsibilities by Functions, 1973 Appendix XI: Organization of the Department of Water Affairs, 1973 Appendix XII: Typical Organization of the Provincial W4ater Service within the Department of Water Affairs, 1973 Appendix XIII: 1973 Budget for Water Supply Appendix XIV: Existing Irrigation Schemes by Province, 1974 Appendix XV: Potential Large-Scale Irrigation Development by River Basin Appendix XVI: Capital Cost and Technical Aspects of Large-Scale Irrigation Schemes Appendix XVII: Commercial Farm Medium-Scale Irrigation Appendix XVIII: Government Farm Medium-Scale Irrigat'ion from Chapula River (Copperbelt) Appendix XIX: Community Small-Scale Irrigation Appendix XX: Proposed Irrigation Coordinating Committee (ICC) Appendix XXI: Technical Inventory of the Existing Rural Water Supply Situation for a Rural Water Development Program Appendix XXII: Project Outlines ANNEX 15 - Livestock Development Appendix I: Offtake in Traditional Cattle Keeping Appendix II: Livestock Development Schemes in Progress Appendix III: Outline for Training Programs ANNEX 16 - Fisheries in Zambia ANNEX 17 - Summary of Investment Proposals ANNEX 18 - Development and Income Distribution in a Dual Economy: A Dynamic Simulation Model for Zambia ANNEX 19 - Statistical Annex ANlN'i IL Page i ZAMBIA AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL SECTOR SURVEY TRANSPORT IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Paragraph(s) INTRODUCTION 1- 3 PART I--SUMMARY 4 - 3L4 Transport Infrastructure 4 - 8 Internal 14 7 International Links to Seaports 8 - 9 Transport Policy 10 - 25 Basic Policy and Related Institutions 10 - 11 Infrastructure Development 12 - 16 Transport Services 17 - 25 Agriculture-Related Transport 26 - 34 Internal 26 - 33 International 34 PART II--CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35 - 43 Transport Policy 35 - 40 General 35 - 36 Infrastructure Development 37 - 38 Transport Services 39 - 40 Agriculture-Related Transport 41 - 43 Internal 41 International 42 - 43 PART III--ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT 44 - 103 Roads 44 - 78 Existing Network 44 - 48 Recent Developments 49 - 51 Current Plans 52 - 53 Related Institutions 54 - 78 Road Transport 79 - 103 Regulations 79 - 84 Vehicle Fleet 85 - 86 Road Haulage 87 - 97 Passenger Transportation 98 - 103 PART IV--INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT ROUTES 104 - 128 Lobito Route 104 - 107 Dar es Salaam Route 108 - 114 Beira Route 115 - 121 Nacala Route 122 - 123 ALNEY 12 Page ii Paragraph(s) Mombasa Route 124 - 125 Other Routes Not Presently Used 126 - 128 Appendix I Tables: 1.1 Road Inverntory, 1974 1.2 MPTW Road Classification and Standards 1.3 Functional Highway Classification 2 Road Densities, 1974 3.1 Vehicle Fleet, 1960-73 3.2 New Registrations of Mbtor Vehicles, 1955-72 3.3 Registration of Vehicles by Main Areas, 1972 h Roads Program (1972-76) 5 SNDP Transport Related Provincial Investment Program 6 Road Transport Fees and Fines 7 Imports and Exports by Route (axcluding Petroleum Fipeline), 1970-74 8 NAMB's Transport Capacity, June 197h 9 Contract Haulage Operating Costs and Tariffs, 1974 10 ZTRS Operating Costs and Tariffs, 1973 11 Roads Departmert Expenditure by Provinces - 1973 12 Motor Omnibus Fares Appendix II: Roads Department Organization ANNEX 12 Page iii ABBREVIATIONS BCEOM Bureau Central d'Etudes pour les Equipements d'Outre-Mer CARS Central African Road Services CH Contract Haulage CFB Chemins de Fer Benguela CPO Contingency Planning Office EAHC East Africa Harbours Corp. EPTCA Eastern Province Transport Cooperative Association MC Ministry of Commerce MSD Mechanical Services Department of MPTW NIGH Ministry of Local Government and Housir,g MPF Ministry of Planning and Finance MPTW Ministry of Power, Transport and Works M4Rr I- inistry of Rural Development NAMB National Agricultural Marketing Board NTC National Transport Corporation PFWD Public Works Department (of RC) RC Rural Council RD Roads Department (of MPFTW) RRTA Roads and Road Traffic Act RTC Road Traffic Commissioner SNCZ Societe Nationale de Chemins de Fer Zairois TAZARA Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority T Sh Tanzania Shilling UBZ United Bus Company of Zambia vpd Vehicles Per Day ZR Zambia Railways ZTRS Zambia-Tanzania Road Services ANNEX 12 Page 1 ZAMBIA AGRICULTURE AND RURAL SECTOR SURVEY TRANSPORT IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION 1. Zambia, a large landlocked country with a scattered population, de- pends crucially upon its transport networks, not only because of the country's geographic and demographic characteristics, but also because imports and ex- ports amount to about half the value of its GNP. The high cost of bridging distances of more than 2,000 km to the sea is made even higher by the fact that the volume of imports far exceeds exports. This imbalance results in many vehicles going empty during the first half of round trips to the coast. These empty-trip costs are not reflected in the consumer price of imports because the Government grants subsidies to cover them. Even so, about 50% of the CIF Zambia price reflects transport-related costs from port of origin. If subsi- dies were included, in extreme cases transport-related costs would account for as much as 80% of actual CIF prices. 2. Agricultural products account for more than 10% of the value of im- ports, but if volume is considered, agricultural products' share of imports is still larger because of their price and weight-volume ratio, as compared to other imports. Zambia's trade imbalance, in the light of the country's ample potential to expand agricultural production, more than justifies an agricultural policy to produce and substitute local goods for imports and eventuallv to produce an exportable surplus, which would benefit from prac- tically zero additional inland transport costs to the ports. While transport problems are not the main constraint on expanding agricultural production, certain policies and practices which unnecessarily hinder the development of adequate internal transport and, thus the growth of agricultural output, can be improved. 3. This Annex examines those aspects of the Zambian transport sector which are related to agricultural development. The main features of the existing transport infrastructure, of Zambian transport policy, and of agri- culture-related transport are summarized in Part I, and some conclusions and recommendations are given in Part II. Parts III and IV explore in greater detail the most important aspects of transportation, that is, roads and road transport within Zambia and international transport routes. All nlumbered Tables are in Appendix I. PART I -- SUMMARY Transport Infrastructure Internal 4. Zambia's transport infrastructure is relatively well developed by African standards. The network includes more than 34,000 km of road of vari- ANNEX 12 Page 2 ous standards; two 1.067 m gauge railways,