ISLAMThe History of 5V Volume Three By: Akbar Shah Najeebabadi Revised by* Safi-ur-Rahman Mubarakpilfi The History of Islam (Volume Three) - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • &jh*t** £****+ utilized in any No part of this book may be reproduced or form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. Including photocopying and recording or by information storage and retrieval system, without the permission of the publisher. First Edition: April 2001 Supervised by ABDUL MALIK MUJAHID Headquarters: tUL P.O Bcoc 22743. Riyadh 11416. KSA • London Danresatem Inlematkxvil Publications Tat 0096^1-4033962/4043432 Lid. P.O. Box; 21555. London E10 6XQ Fa* 00966-1- 4021659 a 044-794 7 306 706 Fax 0044-206 - 925 6996 E 1 • I | . ™* <&0ggato<fr>a5eCT cooTsa Bhnangham; AJ-HWaayah Publishing 6 Distribution Wetoite: hop:// 436 «*ww.dar-u3-sa/amcom Coventry Road. Birmingham B10 OUG Bootahop: T* & fax: 00966-1-4614403 Tel: 0044-121-753 1889 Fax: 121-7S3 2422 Bnneiw.t Agents: AUSTRALIA • NSW: US. A. ICS: Ground Floor 165-171 . Hatdon si Tel: (61-2) 9758 4040 Fax: • Jeddah: Tel: 9758 4030 00966-2-6712299 Fax: • 6173448 Malaysia AM<hpbte: Tel: 00966-3-8940106 UAL . UD BOOKS SDN BHO.-321 B 3rd Floor. Suria Kkx Kuala Lumpur City •141: Center 50088 0097141-5511293 Fax: 5511294 Tel: 00603-21663433 Fax: 459 72032 mmsM SMQAPQRt •»U*er Man. • Muslim Converts Lahore Association <A Singapore T-: 009242-724 Singapore- 0024 Fa*; 7354072 424484 Tel: 0065440 6924. 348 8344 Fax: 440 6724 Lk<fa Bazar, Lahore SRI LANKA Fax:7320703- r taB • 6 ’ NifTnal Road J^«»242.7i20084 ^ - CotombcM Tel.r^ 'i^0094-1-589 038 Fax: 0094-74 722433 KUWAIT • Warn Presentation Committee E-max ^ 001*713.722 0431 EnUghtmani Book Shop 3 13017 KUWAIT woU0965-244oSs.^ ^7528. Fax: 240 0057 •AttUABUti T*l 001-71^625 5925 The History of Islam (Volume Three) By Akbar Shah Najeebabadi . Revised by Safi-ur-Rahmaii Mubaralpuri Edited by Abdul Rahman Abdullah Formerly Raymond J. Manderola Fordham University, USA and Muhammad Tahir Salafi /Mlljlb DARUSSALAM DARUSSALAM GLOBAL LEADER IN ISLAMIC BOOKS Riyadh • Jeddah • Sharjah • Lahore London • Houston • New York In the Name of Allah the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful Publishers Note We are presenting before you the third volume of the book History of Islam. This book was originally written in the Urdu language in 1922 (1343 AH) by Akbar Shah Khan Najeebabadi. This was the time about 25 years before the partition of Indian Subcontinent into Pakistan and India. For the purpose of brevity, the compiler has presented the authentic events in concise form from the famous histories of Islam written in the Arabic and Persian languages by the great Muslim historians like Tabari, Ibn Athir, Mas'udi, Abul-Fida', Ibn Khaldun and Suyuti, apart from getting benefited from the authentic books of Ahadith for the compilation of the part about the biography of the Prophet Muhammad So, this compilation is actually the extract of the works of the famous Muslim historians. In the first volume, starting with the introduction of the history as a subject, the country, people and conditions of Arabia prior to the advent of Islam were discussed, and an account of the life of Prophet Muhammad ft was presented including the hardships and opposition he faced while propagating the message of Islam, and the details of migration and the period after it until his death. After that the descnption of Rightly Guided Caliphate was also discussed in its full perspective. 6 The History of Islam In this second volume, starting with the Caliphate of Banu Umayyah, the of martydom Imam Husain 4*, and the Caliphate of the Abbasids, all areas have been covered as far as the expansion of Islam was. This third volume begins with the description of the conditions of Spain before and after the rule of Muslims and the role played by Umayyad, Abbasid, Almoravid and Almohad Caliphs there and their encounters with the Christian Armies. Then some mention of the conquest of Morocco and North Africa has been given along with the details of Idrisia and Aghlabs rule there. After that detailed accounts o Ganghisid Mongols, Turks and Tartar Mangols have been produced. After that Islamic history of Persia is described giving the accounts of Saffariah, Samanid, Delmid, Ghamavid, Seljuk, Ghourid and Muluk Dynasties with the periods of Khwarizm Shah, Atabeks and Sistan Kings rule there. Then the Islamic history of Egypt and Syria is covered describing the UbaiduIIah, Ayyubid and Mamluk Dynasties, and the rule of Atabek and Abbasid Caliphs. In the end something about the Ottoman Dynasty and its Empire isdicussed including the description of the conquest of Constantinople. We hope that the readers will find this volume also of great help in the study of Islamic history. The famous scholar Safi-ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri has revised the Urdu edition before its translation to check the authenticity aspect. T£e translation was done by the Translation Department of Dsrussalciin, and everv™ carp410 has ^yeen taken to reproduce fu r i the event* n d pIaces as accurate,y as >>“• :h“r*“To rW ated with task and “»P« us to complete this prodCTbeT™ a accept our Potable form. May Allah humble efforts blessings U * *nd His eace on our Prophet f P P InMuhammad, his Companions followers . —Aminf and his Abdul Malik Mujahid ^neral Manager Darussalam 1 Table of Contents Publishers Note 5 Chapter - 23 Spain before the Muslims Geographical Conditions .23 Produce and Climate .23 .24 Details of Provinces and Territories .24 Phoenician, Carthage, Roman, Gothic Rules in Spain .24 Phoenician Rule - .25 Roman Rule in Spain .25 Goth Rule • .26 End of Gothic Rule .27 Accession of Roderick (Larziq) .27 Factors Leading to the Muslim Invasion of Spain .28 Musa bin Nusayr * .29 First Islamic Corps to Spain Under Tariq ..29 Tariqbin Zeyad Ordered to Invade Spain Chapter - 2 ..31 Islamic Rule In Spain .31 The Strange Order of Tariq 8 The History of Islam First Stage of the Islamic The Force ....31 The Attack of a Christian General and His Defeat ....32 Preparations of Roderick ....32 The First Battle ....32 Roderick's Escape from the Battlefield ...33 Causes of the Christians' Defeat ...33 Tariq's March to Cordova..... ...34 Conquest of Toledo ...34 Musa bin Nusayr in Spain ...35 Full Islamic Control over Spain ...35 Musa Summoned ..36 Accession of Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik ..Z ..36 End of Tariq ..36 Death of Musa bin Nusayr ..37 A False Episode .37 First Ruler of Spain .38 Chapter - 3 Rulers of Spain ~ Abdul Aziz bin Musa 39 Religious Freedom Assassination of Abdul Aziz Ayyub bin Habib Transfer of the Headquarters 41 Harb bin Abdur Rahman Thaqafi". Samh bin Malik 41 Census in Spain... Expedition to 42 Southern France Martyrdom of Samh Ab Ral rfn bin 43 tZAbdur Rahman's Deposition ... AnbasabinSuhaimKalbi Conquest of ”! Southern France S*. of Anbasa - bin v7*h Abdullah Fihri 44 Vahya bin Salma.... .444 45 Table of Contents 9 Uthman bin Abi Ubaidah Lakhmi 45 Hudaifah bin al-Ahwas Qaisi . 45 Hathim bin Ubaid 45 Deposition of Hathim 45 Muhammad bin Abdullah Ashjai 46 Ghafqi Reinstated Abdur Rahman bin Abdullah ... 46 Uthman Lakhmi rebels 46 Uthman assassinated 47 Fighting in the City of Tours 47 Martyrdom of Abdur Rahman 48 Abdul Malik bin Fihri 48 Abdul Malik's Deposition 48 Utbahbin Hajjaj Saluli 49 Deeds of Utbah 49 Death of Utbah 50 Abdul Malik bin Qatn — 50 Kulthum bin Ayaz 50 Kulthum bin Ayaz at the Fort of Ceuta 50 Hanzala Appointed as Governor 51 Abdul Malik bin Qatn killed • 51 Mutual Discord 51 Thaiba bin Salamah 52 Deposition of Ibn Salamah 52 Abul Khattab Hisam bin Darar Kalbi 52 Political Mistake of Abul Khattab 53 Thaiba bin Salamah 54 Yusuf bin Abdur Rahman Fihri 54 Spain is divided into Provinces 54 Impact of Change in Central Rule over Spain ......55 The Rule of Abdur Rahman al-Dakhil - 56 A Summary of the First Phase of Islamic Rule in Spain 57 Sovereign Christian Rule in the Northern Areas 58 Hilly Ranges of Spain 58 Pelayo 58 Alfonso 59 The Capital of the Christian State 59 4 10 The History of Islam Chapter » The Spainish Caliphs ..61 Abdur Rahman bin Mu'awiyah, the Umayyad ..61 Habits and Traits of Character ,.61 Emigration ... ..62 Abdur Rahman in Africa ,.62 Abdur Rahman's Plan to Found His Rule in Africa ,.62 Abdur Rahman in Spain ,.63 Cordova Occupied ..64 The Appointments of Abdur Rahman .64 Rebellions ..65 Yusuf bin Abdur Rahman assassinated ..65 Managing Home Affairs ..66 Abbasids' Action against Abdur Rahman ..67 Courageous Act of Abdur Rahman ..68 Macabre Joke ..68 Rebels annihilated ..69 Reasons the behind Revolts ..72 Death of Abdur Rahman ..76 An Assessment of Abdur Rahman's Life ,76 His Features and His Children ,78 Order and Discipline ,78 Hisham bin Abdur Rahman ,80 Birth .80 Accession .80 Brother's Revolt - . 80 Battle .81 Brothers pardoned .81 Attack on France .82 Pumshing the rebellious Christians .82 Construction of the Cordova Mosque .82 Insurgence in Cataluna put down ...... .82 Cordova Mosque completed .83 Death Z!. Z .83 Assessment of Hisham's Life .84 The Crown Prince 85 Table of Contents 11 Hakam bin Hisham 86 Sulaiman and Abdullah Rebel 86 Defensive Measures of Hakam 87 End of Sulaiman and Abdullah 87 An Organized Conspiracy of the Christians 88 New State Founded against the Muslims 89 Treacherous Muslim Governors encouraged 89 Causes of Opposition to Hakam 90 Eradication of Rebels 92 Skirmishes with the Christians 93 Fresh Recruiting Drive 93 Malkites' Opposition 94 Flames of Antagonism reach the Royal Palace 94 Hakam's Presence of Mind 95 Exile of Malkites 95 Invasion of France 96 Disasters of Famine and Drought