ISSN 1538-2834 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHRO-POLOGY The Geography ofPla ce and Landscape Formation: High Bar, Hells Canyon, -Ida/to Morris L. Uebelacker. ................. ......... ....... .. ............................................................. Foodways at Fort Yam/till, 1856-1866: An Archaeological and A rchival Perspective . _ Justin E. Eichelberger ................. .............................................................................. 37 Tlte Social Significance oftlte Watson Store to the Community of Spalding, ID Sarah Heffner ................................................. ·····················: ··················.................. 57 First Nations Forts, Refuges, and War Lord Champions Around the Salish Sea Jay Miller ................................................... .......... ........... :............................... .... ..... 71 Indigenous Digital Media and tlte History of the Internet on the Columbia Plateau . Adam Fish ............... .............. ..................... : ......................................................._ ...... 89 Tlte Boldt Decision: A Roundtable Discussion Vine Deloria, Jr., Billy Frank, Vernon Lane, Dick Poole, Al Ziontz ...................... 111 The Daugherty 1947 Washington Coast Site List Gary C. Wessen ............................................. .......................................................... 123 I Spring 2011 Vol. 45, No. 1 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH NOTES ED ITORS Roderick Sprague Darby C. Stapp _ Deward E. Walker, Jr. South Fork Press Richland, WA University of Colorado ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. Melvin Aikens (University of,Oregon), Haruo Aoki (University of Cali fornia), Virginia Severt (Yakama Tribe), Don E. Dumond (University of Oregon), Don D. Fowler (University of Nevada), Raymond D. Fogelson (University of Chicago), Rodney Frey (University of Idaho), Ronald Halfmoon (Lapwai), Tom F. S. McFeat (University of Toronto), and Jay Miller (Lushootseed Research). Julia G. Longenecker Operations Manager K~ra N. Powers Editorial Assistant Diana C. Stapp Editorial Assistant Composed by South Fork Press, Moscow; Printed by Copy Court, Moscow; Bound by Arts & Crafts, Oakesdale. Missing issue claim limit 18 months. For back issues and catalogue of prices contact Coyote Press, P O Box 3377, Salinas, CA 939 12. <http://www.caJifom iaprehistory.com>. POLICY Jounwl of Northwest Anthropology, published semiannually by NARN, In c. a 'non-profit qrganization in Richland, Washington, is a refereed journal and welcomes contributions of professional quality dealing with anthropological research in northwestern North America. Regular issues are published semiannually with additional memoirs issued as funds are avai lable. Theoretic~( and interpretive ~tu'dies and bibliog_raphic works are preferred, although highly descriptive studie~ wj(( be considered if they are theoretically significant. The primary criterion guiding selection of papers will be how much new research they can be expected to stimulate or faci litate. SUBSCRIPTIONS The subscription price is $40.00 U.S. per an num for indi viduals and small firms, payable i.n advance, $60.00 for institutional subscriptions, and $30.00 for students with proof of student status. Remittance should be made payable to JONA. Subscriptions, manuscripts, change of address, and all other correspondence should be addressed to·: Darby C. Stapp JO NA telephone (509) 554-044 1 P.O. Box 1721 e-mai l [email protected] Richland, WA 99352-1721 website www.joumalnw.org ' MAN USCR IPTS ' Manuscripts can be submitted in double-spaced typescript on 8Vi x 11 in . paper, and an electronic file in Microsoft Word sent via e-mail or on a CD is preferred. An abstract will accompany each manuscript. Footnotes will be avoided and if used at all will be assembled at the end of the text. Questions of reference and style can be answered by referring to the style guide found on the website or to .!~1mu1I of Northwest Anthropology, 37( I): 101-130. Other problems of style can be nom1ally solved through reference to Th e Manual ofS tyle, University of Chicago · Press, 14th edition (1993). All illustrative materials (drawings, maps, diagrams, charts, and plates) will be designated "Figures" in a single, numbered series and will not exceed 6 x 9 inches. All tabular material wi ll be part of a separately numbered series of "Tables." Authors will receive one free reprint of article;;, Me_moirs, or full-issue monographs. Additional reprints may be produced by the author, however they must be exact duplicates of the original and are not to be sold for profit. © by NARN Inc. © The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for · 1 Information Sciences-:-Permanence of Paper for Printed Libra1y Materials, ANSI 239.48- 1984 ' JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 45 SPRING 2011 NUMBER 1 THE GEOGRAPHY OF PLACE AND LANDSCAPE FORMATION: HIGH BAR, HELLS CANYON, IDAHO Morris L. Uebelacker ABSTRACT Hi gh Bar, a place at the no,th end of the deepest canyon bottom landscape in No,ih America, Hell s Canyon, uniquely combines a dynamicall y formed and evolving physical structure with cultural patterns and processes. The physical forms and processes have been mapped, descri bed and analyzed in a relati onship to known, and newly discovered, cultural fo rms and process. This place-scale analysis is an·ayed and evaluated in the context of the larger canyon bottom landscape, revealing thereby the distincti veness of High Bar as a cultural pl ace. Importantly, physical structure and process fo rms the spati al and analytical basis for th e creati on, persistence, and interpretation of High Bar. It serves as one possible example of hov,, place-scale analysis contributes to the understanding of patterns of human acti vity in Hell s Canyon: from prehistori c Clovis people to the present day occupants. Introduction The way the land is shaped conditions human possibilities for life and use. Land-shaping processes interact with functi onal human li fe patterns, simply through the positioning of structura l landscape factors. High Bar, as a coherent place, demonstrates this determining process through a pattern of human places situated and structured within and by the deepest canyon in No1ih America, Hells Canyon (Fi g. I). Gravity plays large in He ll s Canyon. Anc ient rocks of Triassic and Permian age, steep slopes, landslides, rock fall, aeoli an sands and sediments, tectoni c movements, and volcani c ash fa lls all com bine with steep ri ver and stream gradi ents to produce a spectacularly incised ri ver canyon landscape. Falling from over a 9,000 ft. elevation in the Seven Devils to 1,250 ft. at High Bar in under 4 mi., is the very definition of "rugged" for mountain landscapes in North Ameri ca. Flat ground is rare. When it does occur on an alluvial fan, on an o ld ten-ace, under the toe of a house-sized boulder, on a ridge crest, or in fragments of ho ri zontal procli vity, animals gather and pause as if stunned by the sudden change in ori entation. It stands to reason that as topographic reli ef and roughness increase, human and animal mobility patterns become more structurally and functionally specific. In Hells Canyon. the physical constraints on human mobility are among the 2 most challenging in the world. When snov,,, wind, water, and heat are considered in this deeply v-shaped canyon, it is clear that the cultural ecology of people is spati ally and temporally constrained. COi lJMIIIA RIVER llf\SII,( '\'\ ~~,~~" ___I ~ .,._~-----~~-=- \ I .q,'"'-­ Fig. I. The location of High Bar, Hell s Canyon, Idaho. 3 Humans have fo und and used all the flat spots. Most of them contain evidence of spatial positioning thro ugh arti facts and features. Hi gh Bar is no exception. This elevated bar was deri ved in pat1 from Bonnevill e Flood processes 14,500 years ago. It is not isolated from other structural elements and processes. Hi gh Bar, at the pl ace-scale, incl udes eight analytical units (Fig. 2) : Rock Slide/Rock Fall Talus Slopes Bonneville Flood Bar Post-Bonnevill e Aeo li an Dunes and Te1i-aces Post-Bonnevill e Alluvial Fans Ri ver and Fl oodplain Ri ver Impingements Post-Bon nevill e Complex Slope Deposits. High Bar Bonneville.Flood Bar , ,• Fig. 2. Hi gh Bar, Bonnevill e fl ood Bar, and key landscape elements. 4 The spatial and temporal dynamics of these interactive analytical units and those processes that create, maintain, and change them links High Bar, as a place, to the canyon bottom landscape and the larger region. These units are expressed in many other places in the canyon, but not in the same structural, functional, and temporal array. This unique diversity, of physical structure and evolving ecological function explains, in part, the variations in formation of places and landscapes by various cultural ecologies that imbricate High Bar through time. Of particular relevance is the fact that rock fall, a mass wasting process, plays a major role in structuring High Bar at the place scale and associates High Bar with other mass wasting events and processes at the landscape scale in Hells Canyon and the larger region. Such events, triggered by a complex mosaic of interactive geological and geomorphic structures and processes, occur throughout the Columbia River Basin and are common in canyon, gorge, ridge and mountain settings at various spatial and temporal scales. They are often significant in explaining the details of place, landscape, and regional